مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 35، بهار 1384)

excitation and contraction of the smooth muscles in the airways lead to the constriction which causes abnormal airflow. Nitric oxide is considered as one of the most important factors which causes smooth muscles relaxation. Since Sodium Nitroprusside (S.N.P) is used in emergency services as a potent NO donor and many reports have indicated that this agent causes the smooth muscles relaxation, so this study was designed to determine the effect of S.N.P on tracheal smooth muscle of rabbit. in this study intratracheal pressure (I.T.P) was recorded as an index of contraction of tracheal smooth muscle. Control groups were exposed to the electrical stimulation with various voltages and frequencies. Treatment groups were first exposed to various concentrations of S.N.P along with the same electrical stimulation as the control groups. Our results showed that in the treatment groups, different concentrations of S.N.P significantly increased ITP (p<0.05). when they were exposed to various concentrations of S.N.P along with electrical stimulation, the lowest concentration of S.N.P (0.5 10 M), decreased the ITP in response to electrical stimulation with different voltages and frequencies (p=0.00). Application of medium and high concentrations of S.N.P led to the increase of ITP in response to electrical stimulation. ITP was significantly increased following administration of the medium concentration of S.N.P. (1.66 10 M) SNP (p=0.00). SNP, 5 10 M, also led to a significant increase of ITP in all voltages and frequencies (p<0.05). According to our findings, S.N.P had an excitatory concentration-dependant effect on the tracheal smooth muscle and only the minimum concentrations induced relaxation of the muscles.

postoperative sore throat as a side effect of general anaesthesia, depends on many factors such as kind and diameter of tracheal tube, using Succinylcholine and nitrous oxide. .. etc. We studied the correlation of sore throat with three methods of airway management: endotracheal intubation (ETT), placement of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and using face mask (FM). In a prospective double blind clinical trial, 180 female patients between 25-50 years of age and of physical status ASA I, who had been scheduled for elective minor orthopedic surgery, were randomized into three groups, with the same number of patients in every group. After premedication and induction of anaesthesia, ETT, LMA and FM were used for groups I, II and III respectively. The patients were asked about presence of sore throat on the following day of the surgery. Data were analyzed with chi-square test using SPSS software. The incidence of sore throat was 28.1% in group I(ETT), 10.9% in group II(LMA) and 5.3% in group III(FM).The relative risk of occurrence sore throat in group I, was 5.33 times as much as group III and 2.57 times as much as group II, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). On the other hand although the relative risk of sore throat in group II was 2.07 times as much as group III, but this finding was not statistically significant (p=0.27). This study showed that, the incidence of sore throat in LMA group, was significantly lower than that of ETT group. Although the incidence of sore throat in LMA is more than FM group, but this was not statistically significant.

There are much evidence implicating environmental factors such as diet regimens containing high animal proteins, alcohol consumption, chemical carcinogens … etc. to be among the risk factors of breast cancer and are involved in the production of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species can peroxidize, lipids, reduce enzyme activities and damage DNA, hence the play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancers. We investigated Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Glutathione reductase activities in the whole blood samples taken from 2 age-matched groups, 50 healthy women and 50 patients suffering from breast cancer (BC). The rate of GPX and GR activities in BC patients were significantly lower (p<0.001) than those of control group. We found an age related reduction in the activity of GPX and GR enzymes (p<0.05). The results of our study have shown a gigher Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased GPX and GR activities, which lends support to the oxidative stress hypothesis in carcinogenesis. GPX and GR enzymes with diminished activities may not be adequate to detoxify high levels of H2O2 into H2O, and dangerous 0OH radicals are produced. Therefore, administration of antioxidants may be helpful in the management of BC patients. However, further elaborate clinical studies are required to evaluate the role of such antioxidant enzymes in BC management.

Routine use of the urinary catheter for the first 24 hours after cesarean section may traumatize urethera, and cause pain and limitation of movement in mothers. Early removal of the urinary catheter is effective in reducing this complication. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of catheter removal on the pain after cesarean section in Ghaem hospital from May to September 2001. In this randomized controlled clinical trial 60 women between 18-35 years of age and parity of 1-4, who had been catheterized with an indwelling foley No. 14 catheter prior to an emergency cesarean section, were divided into two groups randomly [Experimental and control]. The catheter was removed 2-3 and 24 hours after the operation in experimental and control groups respectively. The severity of pain was estimated by use of visual analogue scale during insertion and removal of the catheter in the two groups. Mean score of pain was not significantly different at the time of catheterization but it revealed a remarkable difference at the time of catheter removal in both groups, [3/32 VS 6/07 p<0.00001]. The results of our study showed that removal of foley catheter is effective in reduction of the pain, so we recommend its removal after cesarean section.

Natural sources of ionizing radiation have always been a part of the human environment. Ionizing radiation from environmental sources is called natural background radiation. Evaluation of equivalent effective dose is a useful method to estimate biological effects of ionoizing radiation. In this research work annual gonadal and bone marrow equivalent dose from environmental gamma radiation have been estimated. The effective dose that is an indication of risk of whole body irradiation has also been calculated. In order to determine the annual rate of environmental gamma radiation (outdoor), in every city four stations were selected along the four main geographical directions, a fifth station was selected at the city center. Considering the most common type of building materials used in the province, two indoor stations were also chosen in every town. Environmental gamma dose rate was measured by a survey meter (RDS-110) mounted horizentally on a tripod of one meter height. Annual absorbed dose arising from environmental gamma radiation for inhibitants of Kurdistan province are equal to:1.41, 1.21, 1.31, 1.11, 1.13, 1.33, 0.96 mGy respectively for Baneh, Bijar, Divandareh, Saqes, Sanandaj, Ghorvah, Kamiaran and Marivan.Annual effective dose and equivalent doses of gonads and bonemarrow have also been computed by utilizing annual absorbed dose and other related dosimetric factors. The results indicate that annual effective dose exposing general population living in towns of Kurdistan province is %3 to %36 higher than doses received by residents of normal area.

Increase in the population and its consequences like environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and consumerism is one of the greatest problems in our community. Therefore family planning should be regarded as an essential program to attain a reasonable general health care and social welfare in our country. It is obvious that high quality family planning services increase knowledge and understanding of the people about contraceptive methods and hence, can play an important role in controlling the increase in population. Contraception counseling is an important part of our health care services. Therefore we decided to compare the effects of two methods of counseling. (Systematic vs. ordinary) on the selection of a contraceptive method; and design more appropriate methods of contraception counseling. The aims of this research were: Comparison of discontinuation rate of contraceptive methods in a year between clients who benefited systematic counseling and those who had received ordinary one and comparison of the causes of discontinuation of contraceptive methods in the two groups. This research was a clinical trial. From 335 women who were seeking advice about contraceptive methods, 155 clients were selected randomly as candidates for systematic counseling. The rest of them (180 women) were scheduled for routine counseling. In the two groups three contraceptive methods were used (OCP, IUD, DMPA). In case group, women before choosing their method had counseling sessions in which all the rules of counseling were considered. Two groups were observed for one year. Discontinuation rate and its causes were estimated in both groups. Statistical analysis of data showed that discontinuation rate (p<0.01) and its causes (p<0/01) were different in two groups. Systematic counseling brings about a decrease in discontinuation rate of contraceptive methods.

Pediculosis capitis is one of the most important health care problems among students in Sanandaj city. Close physical contact among students provides favorable conditions for transmission of this parasite to other students. Pediculosis capitis is a health problem, and has advers psychological and social effects. This research was carried out to study the prevalence of head lice and to determine the related factors with this problem. This research was a descriptive-analytical one. After calculating sample volume, the stratified sampling method was used to select a boys` and a girls` school in every region randomly. Cases were selected based on the required sample by using the school list of students` name. The required information was obtained by questionnair and interview. In this research 1195 student from 18 boys` and girls` primary schools were examined. Result showed that contamination rate is 19.7%. There was a significant relation between contamination by louse and every of the following factors including sex, interval of bathing, using common personal tools, previous louse contamination, personal hygiene, family help in doing personal hygiene, educational degree of parents, parent’s job, number of family members and presence of a bath room at home, while no significant relation was found between this contamination and hair style. The maximum contamination rate(57%) was among the students of the second and third grade of the primary school. The results showed that the variables including contamination of females, bathing interval, using other person’s personal tools, history of previous louse contamination, family help in doing personal health affairs, educational degree of parents, father’s job, number of family members and presence of a bathroom at home are compatible with other investigations. Howere the results regarding hair style contradict the observations from other investigations. It seems that cultural differences influence the results of our study rendering it to be either compatible or incompatible with other research works.

Evaluation of placenta is one of the most important parts of sonographic examination of pregnant uterus. Fetus development is dependent on the placenta. Determination of the location of pleacenta is of great clinical importance, since most complications of the second and third trimesters of pregnancy is due to placental abnormalities. In this descriptive study the statistical population included all pregnant women who had referred to Sanandaj Besat hospital for routine sonographic examination, from March to September 2003. All subjects were evaluated by sonologist to determine the location of placenta in uterus. Other demographic data such as age and the number of pregnancies were recorded in questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software. 252 pregnant women underwent sonography and the location of placenta in their uteri was determined. In our study 44.3 percent of the subjects had anterofundal placenta. The second most common location of placenta in uterus was posterofundal. We did not detect placenta previa in our subjects. According to the result of this study, the location of placenta in our subjects was different from that of the western countries and the prevalence of placenta previa was lower.

Backgroun and Leprosy is a contagious disease which may lead to disability before, during or after treatment. There have been different reports about the prevalence of disabilities of leprosy in different parts of the world. This study deals with the status of disabilities in live leprosy patients in Kurdistan province. This is a descriptive study. The live patients who were accessible were selected on the basis of their records. The patients whose medical records were incomplete, were examined and their disabilities were assessed on the basis of WHO protocol about grading of disabilities in leprosy. The data were collected and analyzed by use of a SPSS software. 180 patients were included in this study، of whom 116 (64. 4%) were male and 64 (35. 6 %) were female. 126 (70 %) patients had multibacillary and 54 (30 %) of them had paucibacillary leprosy. In our study 152 (84. 4%) patients had developed disabilities of variable degrees. The prevalence rate of disabilities was more in multi bacillary leprotic patients. There was no sensible relation between disabilities and sex or residential areas. Conclustion: The main objective of treatment is prevention of disabilities in the patients. Prevalence of disabilities in the leprosy patients of Kurdistan province, was higher than those of other parts of the world which might have been due to delay in referring to healthcare centers, incomplete treatment course and having no access to medical centers in the past.