مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 66، زمستان 1391)

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between internet addiction and depression، anxiety، stress and social phobia among students in Isfahan University. This is a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytic). The study population was students of Isfahan University، in Iran. 71 students (36 girls and 35 boys) were randomly entered into the study. We used Young''s internet addiction test (IAT)، depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) and social phobia inventory (SPIN). The data were analysed by correlation and regression analysis. The results indicated a significant correlation between internet addiction and each clinical variable (depression، anxiety، stress and social phobia (p<0. 001). Also the results of regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between internet addiction and the set of these clinical variables (r=0. 62). These clinical variables can predict 39% of addiction to the internet (p<0. 001). The results of the current study implied that the set of these clinical variables (depression، anxiety، stress and social phobia) can predict internet addiction.

Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement is a noninvasive method which is associated with decreased pain، less skin injury and lower risk of infection. In addition there is no need to take blood sample. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical accuracy of transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TCB) in comparison to that of total serum bilirubin (TSB) measurements in term neonates. This descriptive- analytic study included 212 term neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia at neonatal intensive care unit of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah from January 2009 to August 2010. Inclusion criteria were: birth weights between 2500-4000 grams and postnatal age between 2-28 days. Before starting phototherapy blood samples for measurement of serum bilirubin levels were obtained and measurement of transcutaneous bilirubin was carried out at the same time. Measurement of transcutaneous bilirubin from the forehead skin was performed by a trained person according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Data analysis was performed with Stata software. Mean values for total serum bilirubin before and after the onset of phototherapy were 18. 43 and 15. 21 mg/dl، and the respective values for transcutaneous bilirubin were 18. 08 and 15. 02mg/dl. There were no significant differences between transcutaneous and serum bilirubin levels before the onset of phototherapy (p=0. 47)، and the linear correlation coefficient was 0. 50. Also no significant differences were detected between transcutaneous and serum bilirubin levels after phototherapy (p=0. 27)، and the correlation coefficient was 0. 78. There was a good correlation between transcutaneous bilirubin and serum bilirubin levels especially in the male neonates with birth weights of less than 2600 grams after 12 hours of phototherapy. According to the results of this study، transcutaneous bilirubinometry can be recommended for the screening of neonatal jaundice.

Poor mental hygiene in childhood can result in disadvantageous physical and mental behavior in the future. Considering the relationship between body and mind and their influence over each other this study was conducted to compare behavioral problems of athlete with those of non-athlete students. 221 male and female students between 7 and 11 years of age were entered into this study، in Sanandaj City and were divided into three groups: non athlete، individual sport and team sport. To assess behavior problems we used teacher`s and patient`s Rutter children behavior questionnaire، which were completed by teachers and parents. We used t-test for comparison of the mean values between boys and girls and one- way ANOVA was used to compare variables in the three groups. The results of this study showed higher prevalence of behavioral problems in non-athlete children and significant differences in the subscales between the individual sport and team sport groups (P<0. 05، P< 0. 01). Also the boys had higher rates of behavior problems than girls (P< 0. 01). Various sport activities can be useful in reducing behavior problems in children and can be regarded as a valuable way، in addition to other new methods، for managing behavior problems.

Amniotic membrane is the inner-most layer of the three fetal membranes. The membrane is consisted of three layers; epithelial layer، basal membrane، and connective tissue. Owing to expression of mRNA of elafin، HBD 1-3، and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitors، amniotic membrane has antimicrobial properties. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effect of human amniotic membrane on standard bacterial species of Salmonella enterica BAA-708، E. coli ATCC 25922، Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853، Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 7881، and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Fresh amniotic membranes were obtained from Organ Transplant Bank of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. The membranes were obtained from pregnant women who had negative tests for HIV، HBV، HCV، and syphilis after elective Cesarian section. The membranes were cut into 1. 5× 1. 5 cm pieces under sterile conditions. The membrane pieces were placed on Müller-Hinton agar medium containing the bacterial suspensions and then incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The antibacterial properties of amniotic membrane against Salmonella enterica and E. coli were demonstrated by development of the no growth halo، but for Pseudomonas aeruginosa only a very narrow halo was observed. The halo was not developed for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. Amniotic membrane showed antibacterial effects against a wide spectrum of bacteria. With regard to the increasing antibiotic resistance، use of amniotic membrane against pathogenic bacteria can be considered valuable.

Survivin is a new member of inhibitor of apoptosis protein family (IAP) that plays an important role in the regulation of cell cycle and inhibition of apoptosis. Distinct expression of this gene in tumoral cells versus normal cells introduces it as the fourth major transcriptome in cancers. Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy. Considering the highly heterogeneous nature of tumoral and non-tumoral thyroid nodules from the pathological viewpoint and also in regard to the absence of appropriate molecular markers، extensive efforts have been made to find a specific molecular tumor marker for diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Studies have been demonstrated that the expression pattern of survivin and its splice variants was different in cancerous tissues compared to normal tissues. In this study we evaluated expression of survivin-3b and survivin-3α، the novel survivin splice variants، as diagnostic markers for thyroid cancer. This was a descriptive study. 77 thyroid specimens; including 49 tumoral، 14 non-tumoral and 14 tumor margin samples were collected and expression of survivin-3b ands-3α was investigated by hemi-nested RT-PCR method. Tumoral samples showed the highest expression of survivin-3b and survivin-3α and the lowest expression was detected in the specimens of tumor margins. In this study we demonstrated the expression of survivin-3b and survivin-3α in thyroid tumors for the first time. In conclusion significant expression of survivin-3b and survivin-3α splice variants in tumoral cells shows their roles in thyroid cancer progression and their efficiency as molecular markers for detection and classification of tumoral and non-tumoral thyroid nodules.

HTN is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases and its prevalence rate in adults is about 20-30 percent. In this study we evaluated the effects of age، gender، diabetes، cigarette smoking and hyperlipidemia on blood pressure after using 25 mg sublingual captopril. This randomized clinical trial was performed between 1383 and 1385 and included 101 patients with BP equal to or more than 180/110 mmHg. Patients with symptoms of acute ischemia or heart attack، CHF، CNS and visual disturbances، pregnancy or captopril sensitivity were excluded from the study. After prescribing 25 mg sublingual captopril، systolic and diastolic BP was measured after 5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 30، 40، 50، 60، 75، 90، 105 and 120 minutes. Data were recorded in a questionnaire for every patient. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software and independent t-test. This study included 101 patients (34 men and 67 women)، 42 patients were less than 60 year old and 59 patients were of 60 years of age and over. 14 patients were diabetic and 87 non diabetic، 20 were smoker and 81 non-smokers، 27 had hyperlipidemia and 74 were without hyperlipidemia. BP decreased between 5 and 25 percent in 70% of the patients (P =0. 001). There was no significant statistical relationship between decrease in blood pressure and age، gender and cigarette smoking. But non diabetic patients showed more reduction of BP in comparison to diabetic patients (P=0. 014). Non-hyperlipidemic patients showed better response to the treatment and a significant difference was observed after 60 minutes. The results of this study showed that cardiac risk factors such as diabetes، smoking and hyperlipidemia may cause some alterations in endothelial function which can lead to decreased response to the treatment. We recommend more studies on this subject in the future، for further evaluation. Keywords:

Personality characteristics are main determinant factors in the styles of confronting social، physical and psychological environment. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of personality characteristics in the incidence and severity of allergic rhinitis. This was a comparative-causative study and included 120 patients with allergic rhinitis in Tehran Allergic clinic in Taleghani Street. Also 120 normal people were selected and matched to the case group، as our control group. MCMI III questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed by use of independent t- test. The results of this study showed that the mean scores of depression، negativism، anxiety disorder، somatoform and dysthymia were more than those of normal people (P≤0/001). The mean scores of depression، negativism، anxiety disorder، somatoform and dysthymia were more in the patients with allergic rhinitis. Therefore both medical and psychological interventions are recommended for the treatment of these patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of personality dimensions and development of cancer by using the Cloninger''s Temperament and Character Inventory in subjects with cancer. This study included 100 patients and 100 normal people as our matched group، which was selected non-randomly. The subjects completed Cloninger''s Temperament and Character Inventory TCI-125. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA. The results of this study revealed that the scores of novelty seeking and co-cooperativeness were low and scores of harm avoidance were high in the patients with cancer in comparison to those of normal subjects. Considering the correlation of personality traits with cancer، we recommend psychological interventions for these patients.

Perfectionism، body esteem، and worry can play important roles in eating disorders. This study investigated the relationship of perfectionism، body esteem and worry with symptoms of eating disorders in women participating in sport activities. In this correlation study، 181 women، involved in aerobic exercises and with physical readiness were selected by use of cluster sampling. The subjects filled out Ahwaz eating disorders، positive and negative perfectionism (Terry-Short، 1995)، body esteem (Mendelson، 2001)، and Ahwaz worry scales. The data were analyzed by means of Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. The results showed that 16. 5% of athletes had symptoms of eating disorders، 14. 3% with symptoms of anorexia nervosa، and 3. 3% with symptoms of bulimia nervosa. Positive perfectionism (r=-0. 328)، negative perfectionism (r=0. 466)، body esteem (r=-0. 328) and worry (r= 0. 259) showed significant correlations with symptoms of eating disorders and these variables explained 0. 26 of variance in eating disorder symptoms. The results of this study were compatible with those of previous studies، and supported the correlation between perfectionism، body esteem، and worry with symptoms of eating disorders in women participating in sport activities and have important implications in regard to the predictor variables of symptoms of eating disorders in athlete women.

Ticks are one of the important external parasites in livestock that can transmit viral، ricketsia and bacterial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of contamination of the livestock by ixodid ticks and harboring of enterobacteriaceae by the ticks in Amol City. In this descriptive study، we collected the livestock''s ticks (cattle، buffalo، sheep، and goats) and after fauna identification، they were sent for culture. In this study، 650 ticks were collected which belonged to 8 species. Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum was the most and Rhipicephalus bursa was the least prevalent species. Cattles and buffaloes had the highest tick infestation (38. 5%). The bacteriological results showed that the ticks were infected by 13 bacterial species such as Ecoli، Klebsiella، Salmonella، Proteus، Serratia، Shigella، Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis. The most and the least prevalent species were Ecoli and Serratia respectively. Considering the high prevalence of ixodid ticks in our study and presence of bacterial infection in hard ticks، appropriate training for stock breeders for improvement of their knowledge of the health problems، stock breeding and common methods of zoonotic disease prevention such as spraying and anti-tick bath، is recommended.

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare metabolic autosomal recessive disorder. Clinical manifestations of this disease are attributed to deposition of hyaline material in dermis and other organs which is a consequence of genetic mutations. Hoarseness of voice، beaded papules on the eyelid margins، acneiform scars، waxy papules and warty papules are common clinical manifestations of this disorder. Other manifestations include speech disorder، photosensitivity، recurrent salivary gland inflammation، loss of eyelashes، alopecia of scalp and pruritus. Case report: A 17 year old boy developed hoarseness of voice and mucocutaneous lesions since infancy. Skin lesions included acneiform scars on the face، waxy papules and warty papules on the elbows and buttocks، and also beaded papules on the eyelid margins. The tongue of the patient gradually enlarged and some papules appeared on the tongue and mouth angles. The patient was not able to protrude his tongue out of the mouth. Histopathologic examination revealed deposition of pink amorphous (hyaline) material in the dermis and around skin appendages. Diagnosis of lipoid proteinosis is based on its clinical manifestations and histopathological findings. Once hoarseness of voice in infancy، which is among the most common and earliest manifestations of the disease، is detected، lipoid proteinosis should be considered as an important differential diagnosis.

In recent decade، phytoremediation technology is regarded very important because of its simplicity، inexpensiveness and use of natural resources and solar energy. In this study، we investigated the efficiency of remediation of contaminated soil with Lead and Cadmium by using native plants of Iran. We selected three native plants of Iran (Abutilon theophrasti، Amaranthus retoflexus and Zea maize) for this study. Extraction of soil and plant samples was performed by use of HNO3، HCl and HNO3، HClO4 and H2SO4 respectively. Concentrations of Lead and Cadmium in soil and plants were determined by Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead concentration in the roots of plants (Alkaline soil) was more than those in their shoots. In acidic soil (with exception of Zea maize)، concentration of Lead in the shoots was more than its concentration in the roots of the plants. Concentrations of lead in the roots and shoots of Abutilon theophrasti، Amaranths and Zea maize in alkaline soil were (54. 5 and 25. 5 mg/kg)، (69 and 37. 6mg/kg) and (47 and 32mg/kg) respectively، and its respective concentrations in acidic soil were (71. 4 and 92. 5 mg/kg)، (89 and 120. 5mg/kg) and (85 and 66. 7 mg/kg). Cadmium concentrations in alkaline soil were (6. 5 and 4mg/kg)، (8 and 6. 2 mg/kg) and (5. 6 and 3. 4 mg/kg) and in acidic soil were (5. 8 and 4. 5 mg/kg)، (7. 6 and 5. 4mg/ kg) and (6 and 4. 8 mg/kg) respectively. Plants in group 3 produced less biomass than those in control group، group 1 and group 2. Considering the increased rate of absorption of Lead and Cadmium and the amount of biomass produced by Zea maize and Amaranthus retoflexus in the acidic and alkaline soil، use of these native plants is recommended for refining the soil contaminated with heavy metals.

Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the important preventable causes of mental retardation in newborns. Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kurdistan province is more than its mean Incidence in Iran and in the world. The present study was performed to identify the risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism in Kurdistan province. This case - control study included all the newborns with TSH screening tests >10 mIU/l in Kurdistan Province. Another group of neonates were selected as our control group. Analysis was performed by means of chi-square، t- test and logistic regression. Our study included 105 patients، 66 (62. 9%) boys and 39 (37. 1%) girls. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in regard to weight، height، head circumference، mother''s BMI and maternal parity. Univariate analysis revealed that family history of thyroid diseases had a significant relationship with congenital hypothyroidism in the newborns (P= 0. 019). However multivariate analysis showed no significant association between the factors in our study and risk of congenital hypothyroidism. A history of thyroid disease among family members may be associated with congenital hypothyroidism. Therefore، family history of thyroid diseases should be regarded as a risk factor and included in the maternal control program.