مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 67، بهار 1392)

Status epilepticus is a medical emergency condition which has various causes among adults and children. Timely treatment and elimination of the underlying factors are important. Identification of its underlying factors in different societies can be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. This study was conducted to investigate the underlying factors of status epilepticus and compare them between adults and children. This was a cross sectional study and included all adult patients with diagnosis of epilepsy who had been hospitalized in the internal medicine and neurology wards of Tohid Hospital and also all hospitalized children with epilepsy in the pediatric ward of Be''sat Hospital، in Sanandaj. According to the patients'' records and documents the main cause of status epilepticus in every patient was extracted and recorded by a neurologist. Data were revised and chi-square and Fisher''s test were used for data analysis and comparison of the qualitative variables between the two groups (adults and children). This study included 504 patients. 212 patients (63. 1%) in the children group and 87 patients (51. 8%) in the adult group were male (p=0. 01). The prevalence rate of status epilepticus in the children and adults were 28. 3% and 17. 3% respectively. 29 children (26. 3%) and 10 adults (34. 5%) had previous history of epilepsy (p=0. 39). Moreover، 32 children (33. 7%) and 4 adults (13. 8%) had previous records of epilepsy within their family (p=0. 04). The most common causes of status epilepticus among adults were misuse or discontinuance of medications (34. 5%)، head trauma (20. 7%)، cerebrovascular problems (20. 7%). Among children febrile diseases (60%)، misuse or discontinuance of antiepileptic medications (20%) and metabolic disorders (7. 4%) were the most common causes of status epilepticus. It seems that epilepsy is not controlled properly in the patients and it is likely that patients do not use antiepileptic medications correctly. It is necessary to design plans to prevent head trauma. Also it seems the parents do not have enough knowledge of controlling fever in their children. Therefore، proper instructions should be given to the parents about the disease of their children.

Nowadays، proposing dietary recommendations to regulate serum inflammatory mediators is of immense importance. This study is designed to evaluate the effects of different commercial dietary oils which have more complicated effects than pure fatty acids on serum levels of interleukins IL 6 and IL 10. In this experimental animal study، 40 male rats were divided into 5 groups and received standard chow diet for 3 weeks. At the end of the 3rd week، four rats from each of the 5 groups were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. The remaining rats then received chow diet or an experimental diet containing yogurt butter، olive oil، soybean oil، or flaxseed oil for another 4 weeks. Then، blood samples were collected and serum fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography and serum levels of interleukins were obtained by use of ELISA kits. We used variance analysis for comparison of the mean values and regression analysis for assessment of correlation among variables. Consumption of yogurt butter and soybean oil significantly increased serum level of IL 6، whereas IL 10 level increased after consumption of flaxseed oil (p<0. 05). Increase in serum n 6 PUFA، led to a notable increase in IL 6 concentration، but increase in serum MUFA gave rise to decreased IL 6 level. A direct relationship was observed between the levels of arachidonic acid and IL 6. In addition، the level of IL 6 decreased when serum decosahexaenoic acid increased. We showed that composition of serum fatty acids can modulate concentrations of the interleukins. Using oils containing n 6 PUFA led to generation of pro inflammatory mediators، but oils containing n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids showed anti inflammatory effects.

Suicide is the third most common cause of death between 15 and 44 years of age. Medical students are one of the high risk groups. Suicidal ideation is regarded as a predictive factor for suicide attempt. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of suicidal thoughts and its related factors among the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. In this descriptive - analytical study، 452 students with different fields of study in medical sciences were selected randomly. Using Beck Inventory (BSSI) the rate of suicidal thoughts was determined. Data were entered into SPSS V. 16 software and analyzed by x^2 and logistic regression. p <0. 05 was considered significant. In this study 34. 3 percent of the students were male and 65. 7 percent were female، with a mean age of 21. 16 ± 2. 41 years. 32. 7 percent of all students and 42. 7percent of medical students had mild to severe suicidal thoughts. A significant relationship was observed among academic fields، residential area، performance of religious obligations، history of suicide attempts and current suicidal thoughts (p<0. 01). This study indicated a high prevalence rate of suicidal thoughts among the university students which calls for more attention by the university officials in order to take necessary measures for prevention of suicidal attempts among the students.

The exact mechanisms of morphine dependence and withdrawal syndrome remain unclear. Many studies have been performed to find a drug for prevention of withdrawal syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbenoxolone (a gap junction inhibitor) on morphine withdrawal syndrome in male rats. In this experimental study، adult male Sprague Dawley rats with weights between 225 and 275 g were selected randomly and divided into 8 groups. Each group consisted of 8 rats. In order to induce dependency، morphine was injected subcutaneously for nine days (1st day: 5mg/kg، 2nd and 3rd days: 10 mg/kg، 4th and 5th days: 15 mg/kg، 6th and 7th days: 20 mg/kg، 8th and 9th days: 25 mg/kg). On the ninth day only the morning dose of morphine was injected، then control group and treatment groups received IP injection of saline (1 ml/kg) and IP injection of carbenoxolone (5، 25، 50، 100 mg/kg) respectively. After 30 min all groups received IP injection of naloxone (4 mg/kg) and the withdrawal signs including: jumping، rearing، genital grooming، abdominal writhing، body grooming and wet dog shake، were recorded for 60 minutes. Our results showed that carbenoxolone not only decreased all withdrawal signs، but also reduced the total withdrawal scores، significantly. In conclusion we found that carbenoxolone as a gap junction inhibitor was effective in decreasing the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome.

Islamic fasting is different from other modes of food deprivation and undoubtedly، it has a different effect on human health and disease states. As pre-diabetes has a relatively high prevalence rate and fasting can have a direct effect on the blood sugar level and other high risk factors، this study was conducted to assess the effect of Islamic fasting on pre-diabetic individuals. This was a semi experimental (pre and post study). Among 437 pre-diabetic individuals in this center، 191 fasting volunteers entered into this study. Before and after the holy month of Ramadan، blood sugar، cholesterol، triglyceride، weight and blood pressure of the subjects were measured by means of standard methods. We used paired t-test for data analysis. Among 191 pre-diabetic individuals، 155 were female (81. 15 percent) and 36 were male (18. 85 percent). Blood sugar، triglyceride and cholesterol levels showed significant differences before and after fasting، whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressure and weight did not show any significant differences. Fasting is not harmful for pre-diabetic individuals and has beneficial effects. Therefore it can be regarded a useful way to prevent diabetes in pre-diabetic people.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have shown anti-tumor activity in several cancer cell lines. TiO2 is an effective photocatalyst that needs ultraviolet (UV) light for activation. Many efforts are in progress to improve the TiO2 photocatalytic effects by carrying out superficial alterations in its electronic structure. For this purpose، nitrogen (N) element seems to be a proper dopant to improve photocatalytic activity of this nanoparticle. In the present study، the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on human K562 cells، as an experimental model of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)، were investigated and compared with those of undoped TiO2 in both light and dark conditions. Nanocrystalline powders of N-doped TiO2 (80 nm) were synthesized by mechanical mixing of urea with TiO2 powders under special experimental conditions. The structure and properties of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)، X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Then we investigated the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of these nanoparticles on leukemia K562 cells. The results showed that visible light-irradiated N-doped TiO2 induced profound growth inhibition and apoptosis in K562 cells in a time- and dose- dependent manner. For example، N-doped TiO2 at concentrations of 0. 01µg/ml، 0. 1µg/ml، 1 µg/ml، 5 µg/ml and 10µg/ml inhibited growth of K562 cells by 25%، 34%، 39%، 44% and 47% and viability by 11%، 22%، 30%، 35% and 38%، respectively after 48h. Furthermore، the results of DNA fragmentation assay confirmed apoptosis in treated-K562 cells after 48h. While un-doped TiO2 did not show any inhibitory effects on the growth and viability of K562 cells. Considering the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of N-doped TiO2 in human K562 cells، this nanoparticle can be a potential candidate for photocatalytic therapy in CML in the future studies.

Fibrosis index is a new index used for differentiation of cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis. If fibrosis index appears efficient in Doppler ultrasonography، it can be considered a good alternative for liver biopsy. Therefore، in this study we evaluated the diagnostic values of fibrosis index in ultrasonography for differentiation of chronic viral hepatitis from hepatic cirrhosis.

This cross-sectional study included 104 patients، 19 patients with cirrhosis and 85 patients with chronic hepatitis. The diagnoses of cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis had been confirmed by biopsy. PSV، RI، EDV، PPFV and FI indices were calculated and compared between the two groups. Then، using ROC curve، we determined the cut-off-point for FI.

The median of PSV and RI in the cirrhosis group was significantly higher than those in the chronic hepatitis group (p<0. 05) but EDV median did not show any difference and PPFV was significantly lower in the cirrhosis group in comparison to the hepatitis group (p<0. 001). A fibrosis index of 3. 365 or higher with a sensitivity of 94. 7% and a specificity of 83. 5% was the best cut-off-point for differentiating cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis. The area under curve was estimated at 0. 948.

Based on the results of this study، fibrosis index in the above- mentioned method could be a highly efficient index for differentiation of cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis and its sensitivity and specificity were higher than those of previously used indices.

The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract of mint plant which has been used in folk medicine as a pain reliever. In this experimental study، male NMRI mice received intra-peritoneal injections of peppermint extract with different doses of 20،40،60،90 and 120mg/kg. Then anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of peppermint were determined by using formaldehyde and xylene tests. Anova and Tukey test were used for data analysis. All doses of peppermint extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effect on the ear inflammation induced by xylene in comparison to the control group (p<0. 05). Doses of 40، 60، 90، 120 mg/ kg significantly reduced the pain (p<0. 05)، but the group treated with the dose of 20mg/kg showed no significant reduction of the pain. The results of this study are indicative of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of peppermint. We recommend further studies on this subject in the future.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short-term garlic extract supplementation on serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC)، malondiadehyde (MDA) and total peripheral leukocyte counts in athlete men after a single episode of aerobic exercise. In this randomized double blind study، sixteen untrained men (age range 23±3 years، body fat 14±2%، and VO2max 48±3 ml/kg/min) were divided into two equal groups: supplement group (700mg/day garlic extract) and placebo group (700mg/day dextrose). After supplementation period (14 days)، all the subjects participated in aerobic exercise protocol with 75% VO2max on the treadmill for 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected at the baseline، after supplementation period and after aerobic exercise. Using SPSS software، data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA، Bonferroni method and independent t-test. The results showed that short-term garlic extract supplementation 14 days before exercise led to significant increase in serum TAC (P<0. 05). Moreover، MDA and total peripheral leukocyte counts significantly increased but TAC significantly decreased after a 30 min aerobic exercise (P<0. 05). However، change range in the oxidative and inflammatory indices in the placebo group was significantly more than that in the supplement group (P<0. 05). Our results suggested that the increase of resting total antioxidative capacity following short-term garlic supplementation can decrease undesirable effects of the indecies of exercise-induced oxidative damages (Lipid Peroxidation) and inflammation (Leukocytosis) in athlete men.

Application of WBC-reduced blood products can decrease side effects related to white blood cells transfer، such as febrile reactions، CMV infection and …. Advances in biotechnology have led to production and development of filters that are capable of reducing WBC; hence، diminishing these side effects. The aim of this study was to determine and compare side effects of blood transfusion between pre-storage filtration and post-storage filtration methods in thalassemia patients. This study was a randomized clinical trial with crossover design and included adult thalassemia patients referring to hospital from 1388 to 1389 and receiving alternately red blood cell concentrates by using pre-storage and post-storage filtration methods. Side effects of blood transfusion including hypotension، fever، hemoglobin drop and blood transfusion rate were recorded and compared between the two methods. Data were introduced in to SPSS software and analyzed by paired t-test، χ2، t-test and P>0. 05 was considered significant. Comparison of the incidences of hypotension، FNHTR، allergic reactions and hemoglobin drop between pre-storage and post-storage filtration methods showed no significant differences. A significant difference was observed in the transfusion rates between the two methods which indicated a lower transfusion rate in the pre-storage method (p<0. 001). Pre-storage filtration method is not superior to post-storage filtration method for blood transfusion in thalassemia patients.

Living with a partner with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can result in increased marital conflicts، increased stress، and decreased marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stress inoculation training on improving marital satisfaction and decreasing marital conflicts in the wives of veterans of war with PTSD. This was a quasi experimental study and included 40 wives of vterans with PTSD who were divided into two groups: control (n=20) and experimental (n=20) groups. DASS-21 scale was used for measurment of stress level. We used ENRICH questionnaire for assessment of marital satisfaction،and MCQ questionnaire to determine the level of marital conflicts. Data analysis was performed by means of co-variance analysis. 12 sessions of stress inoculation training for wives of the veterans with PTSD، led to decreased rate of marital conflicts and increased rate of marital satisfaction. The results of this study showed stress inoculation training resulted in increased marital satisfaction and decreased marital conflicts.

Students as the main stakeholders of educational system evaluate the quality of educational services according to their expectations and conceptions. Therefore the viewpoints of students on the quality of educational services are regarded essential in all scientific centers in the world. This study was conducted to determine the gap between expectations and conceptions of the students at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences’. This was a descriptive-analytical study. The study population included students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences studying in four faculties including; Medicine، Paramedical، Health and Nursing in the first semester of 90-91 academic year. 200 students were selected on the basis of systematic random sampling. Data gathering tool was standard ServQual questionnaire. 198 students completed the questionnaires. Using SPSS software، data analysis was performed by descriptive statistics as well as Mann Whitney U and Kruscal Wallis tests. Although there was negative gaps in all five dimensions of quality including; assurance، responsiveness، empathy، reliability and tangibility، maximum and minimum quality gaps belonged to responsiveness (-2/02) and assurance (-0/32) respectively. There was no statistically significant differences between male and female students in regard to the gap in the five dimensions of service quality (p>0. 05). Also there was no statistically significant relationship in the five dimensions of service quality and education levels of the students (p>0. 05). In all five dimensions of service quality، There was a statistically significant difference in expectation scope between male and female students (p=0/0001). There are negative gaps in all five dimensions of educational service quality between expectations and conceptions of the students at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. To reduce this gap، it is necessary to revise educational methods and management.

Millions of liters of color effluents are produced by textile industries and plants. Every liter of effluents may contain more than 20gr of pigments and mediators produced by their degradation which can result in environmental problems. Chemical dyes used in textile industries have some potential risks including carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human. Further، these dyes can penetrate into surface and ground water. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of combined CAC-SBR system for removal of Reactive yellow 3 dyes. This experimental study was conducted based on a batch scale، and two SBR reactors were used for the experiment. We used synthetic wastewater samples in this study (COD=1800). After adjusting the reactors، reactive yellow3 dye was injected into the system and its removal efficiency was investigated during different reaction times. Then SBR system efficiency in dye and COD removal was determined. After 24 hours of reaction، the efficiency of SBR system in the removal of reactive yellow3 dye was 58%. But the efficiency of SBR system in COD removal was 98% after 14 hours of reaction. In this study، by increasing the reaction time SBR efficiency increased and stabilized in a distinct time. SBR efficiency in the removal of dye and COD، together with high efficiency of anaerobic system in dye removal reveals that a combination of aerobic and anaerobic systems can be suitable for synchronic dye and COD removal.

After Zakaryaye Razi (author of Al-Havi) and before Avicenna (author of the Canon of Medicine)، Ali-ibn Abbas-al-Majusi was one of the great physicians and best known for his Kitab Kamil as-sina a attibbiyyah (the perfect book of medical art)، also called al-Kitab al- Malaki (the royal book). This book together with Al-Havi and the Canon of Medicine constitute the great medical encyclopedia of Islam and Iran. Working in Adhudi Hospital in Bagdad، Ali-ibn Abbas served as court physician and dedicated his book to king Adhud al-Dawlah Dailami (died in 983 A. D). In the Author’s critical view about old and new physicians، comprehensiveness of this book on diseases and their treatment، sensitivity of the author over education method and style of writing have made this book one of the pillars of traditional medicine، so that it had been the textbook of medicine for several centuries after being translated into Latin، and had been used widely in Persia، Arabic countries and also in many parts of Europe. Ali-ibn Abbas died in Baghadad or Shiraz in 994 AD. Three volumes of kamil as-sina a attibbiyyah had been translated into persian by the corresponding author of this article and published by Institute of Islamic Studies of Tehran University-Mc Gill University Press. This descriptive article is about kamil as-sina a attibbiyyah and its translation is useful to anyone interested in the history of medicine and traditional medicine.