مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان
سال بیستم شماره 4 (پیاپی 78، مهر و آبان 1394)

Breast cancer is the second most common cause of death among women in the world. Normal mammary gland and breast carcinomas are under the control of regulatory factors, activators and inhibitors inside the breast tissue, as well as a number of growth factors, receptors and proteins outside the breast tissue. Levels of tumor-associated antigens can be used as a predictor in the treatment of this disease. Use of antibodies against MUC1 antigen which is over expressed in 90% of breast cancers is a modern method of treatment. MUC1 tumor antigen disturbs the function of E-cadherin as a cell adhesion molecule. The purpose of this study was to produce MUC-1 recombinant protein for early diagnosis of breast cancer. A part of MUC-1 gene was amplified by PCR. Then it was cloned into plasmid pET28a in order to be expressed in prokaryotic system. Plasmid pET28a was entered into E.coli BL21DE3 using heat shock method. Cloning process by digestive enzymes and sequence determination were confirmed. Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids were induced by using IPTG and the protein expression was investigated by SDS-PAGE gel. The gene was cloned in the plasmid and the method was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing. Gene expression was confirmed by western blotting. A part of human recombinant MUC-1 gene was produced in E.coli bacteria which can be used as a suitable diagnostic candidate for breast cancer.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease which has been recognized as a public health problem. One out of two women and one out of five men are affected by this disease. Lifestyle and living conditions play a great role in the prevalence of osteoporosis. Nowadays, it is believed that focus on training is more important for women than men, because women not only care about their health but also have a permanent influence on their family health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of educational program on osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women over 40 years of age. In this semi-experimental study, 67 women who met our inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling method and non-random assignment. The training program was carried out by using pamphlets and posters, and also via answering to the questions of the participants. Data were collected and recorded in our questionnaires one month before and one month after the intervention. Data analysis by using paired t-test showed significant differences in osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women in regard to knowledge (P=0.00), Physical activity (P=0.022) and calcium consumption (P=0.000) after the educational program. The results showed that the training intervention led to a significant increase in participant's knowledge, physical activity and calcium consumption (P<0.05). The calcium intake increased from 670.5+259.3 mg before the intervention to 1103.4+390.2 mg after the intervention. There was also a significant difference between the mean daily calcium intake before and after intervention (P<0.05). Training program by use of posters and pamphlets had a positive effect on improving the knowledge of women and resulted in improved osteoporosis preventive behaviors.

Beta-thalassemia is a common autosomal recessive disorder of hemoglobin synthesis. About 200 mutations of beta globin genes have been detected. This study was performed to determine beta globin gene mutations in blood transfusion dependent pa­tients in Kurdistan Province hospitals from June 2012 to April 2014. This descriptive study included sixthy eight blood transfusion dependent pa­tients with beta- thalassemia major who had referred to Kurdistan Province hospital.Patients and their parents completed our questionnaires. Based on CBC and hemoglobin electro­phoresis results diagnosis of beta thalassemia was made. 5 ml blood was obtained from every participant and DNA was extracted by using standard salting out method. Then we investigated beta globin gene mutations by ARMS-PCR method and DNA sequencing. The most prevalent mutations were IVS-II-1 in 30 allels (22.5%), Fr8-9(+G) in 22 allels (15.94%), IVS-I-1 in 13 allels (9.42%) and C36/37 in 11 allels (7.97%). Among 138 allels, types of mutations in 42 allels of assessed 138 allels remained unknown. The results of this study were compatible with those of another study performed in Sanandaj in 2003, but in our study, mutation of C36/37 was more prevalent.

According to the recorded data on the Health Ministry database, a better understanding of clinical and epidemiological factors associated with ESRD can be helpful for decision making about the treatment and preventive interventions with the aim of public health promotion and development of health programs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ESRD and dialysis-related factors from 2000 to 2009.

In this cross sectional study, data were obtained from specific diseases office of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 2000 to 2009. There was no limitation on patient entry. Finally data were analyzed using SPSS software.

This study included 12797 patients (57.07% male and 42.57% female) from 2000 to 2009. The overall incidence of ESRD in men (compared to the gender distribution in the normal population) with a mean age of 58.8 (SD = 17.61) was higher in comparison to women. The most common etiologies were diabetes (25.5%), and hypertension (23.3%) respectively. There were no significant changes in diabetes and hypertension frequencies in the patients between 2000 and 2009. No significant relationship was found between blood groups and ESRD. Prevalence of anemia was higher in the women with ESRD and hemoglobin levels were directly correlated with educational status (P <0.001).

The incidence of ESRD has been on the increase during this study. Also we found a decrease in the middle and an increase at the end of the study in the prevalence of HIV which calls for further assessments.

Use of shuttle balance which has recently been produced in Iran seems to be beneficial in exercise programs for prevention of sports injuries and facilitating recovery. The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of the electromyography activity of the muscles involved in hip strategy while standing on one leg on shuttle balance and wobble board. In this comparative study we measured the amount of EMG activity of selected muscles (rectus femoris, hamstring, rectus abdominis and erector spine, as the most important involved muscles in hip strategy), in 15 female students of faculty of physical activity and sport sciences of Tehran university by surface electromyography during standing on one leg on shuttle balance and wobble board. The findings were compared using multivariate variance analysis. The results showed a significant difference between shuttle balance and wobble board in regard to the amount of EMG activity of involved muscles in hip strategy(P=0.001). Also the results showed that the rectus abdominis muscle on wobble board and the rectus femoris and hamstring muscles on shuttle balance had significantly more electromyography activity (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in erector spine EMG activity between the two devices (P>0.05). It seems that standing on shuttle balance can lead to higher electromyography activity in the muscles of knee joint (rectus femoris and hamstring). So we recommend use of shuttle balance in balance training programs.

Anxiety is a common disorder that many solutions and various drugs have been provided for its treatment. Since medicinal plants have fewer side effects, in this study, we investigated the effect of seed extract of Pimpinella anisum on anxiety in gonadectomized male rats. After gonadectomy, 32 male Wistar rats weighting 230±20 g, were randomly divided into four groups: positive control group which received saline, and experimental groups which received 250, 300 and 400 mg/kg of Anise extract, ip. 30 minutes after injection, anxiety was evaluated by using elevated plus maze and anxiety indices (time spent in open arms and number of open arm entries) were recorded for 5 minutes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. The results showed a significant increase in the duration of open arms at the doses of 300 & 400 mg/kg and also a significant increase in the number of open arm entries at the dose 400 mg/kg. None of these doses showed any effects on motor activity. The results indicated that the Anise seed extract, probably by its phytosterols compounds, induced neurosteroids synthesis in the brain and reduced anxiety by stimulating GABA receptors.

Fatigue is one of the factors that can reduce coordination and muscle activity. Since the core muscles of the body are essential to create a stable surface for proper limb movements, core muscles fatigue may affect the activities of human, especially athletes. The participants of this study were 30 female students majoring physical education. In the first session, the participants performed the balance and strength tests (static and dynamic) in the normal condition (no fatigue). In the second session, core fatigue exercises and immediately after that, the static and dynamic balance tests were performed by the participants. In the third session, athletes participated in the core fatigue protocol and then immediately performed trunk muscle endurance tests. Paired t-test was used to compare the results before and after fatigue. The results showed that the core muscle fatigue protocol significantly reduced the scores of the static, dynamic and endurance balance tests in the participants (p<0.05). The results of the present study suggested that the exercises which improve the stability of core muscles and also increase their ability to cope with fatigue can be used by trainers as a method for prevention of injury.

Peritoneal adhesions can be defined as abnormal fibrous bands between peritoneal or pelvic cavity. Flavonoid agents with antioxidant properties are present in Rosa damascene and seem to be useful for prevention of intra-abdominal adhesion formation. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of R. damascena hydroalcoholic extract on prevention of adhesions. In this experimental study, 30 rats were divided randomly into 3 groups; group A received 1% extract, group B 5% extract and group C distilled water. During laparotomy, three longitudinal and transvers incisions each of 2 cm length were made in the serous surface by scalpel in the right and left sides of peritoneum, and a 2x2 cm patch was completely cut off. Group A and B received 1% and 5% hydroalcoholic extract of R. damascena (3 ml, intra-abdominal cavity) respectively and group C received distilled water during the surgery. Two weeks later in the second laparotomy, the adhesions were graded by means of Canbaz scale. Using SPSS v.16 software, data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. There were significant differences between the scores of groups A and C (P = 0.007). The mean adhesion scores were 1.4 ± 1.265 and 3 ± 0.816 in groups A and C respectively. Results of this study demonstrated that use of R. damascena 1% extracts may result in effective prevention of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions. After more studies in the future, R. damascena or its derivatives may prove to be useful for prevention of adhesions.

Methamphetamine causes damage in different body organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methamphetamine on morphometric changes and biochemical parameters in kidney of adult mice.

In this experimental study, 56 mice were randomly divided into 7 groups: control and 6 experimental groups. Experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received methamphetamine 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg respectively for 10 days. Experimental groups 4, 5 and 6 received methamphetamine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) respectively for 40 days. After 10 and 40 days, kidneys of the mice of the experimental groups were removed and after tissue processing and imaging, volume of kidney and glomerulus were measured by using cavalieri's principle. In addition blood urea and creatinine levels were measured. Using SPSS software, data were analyzed by means of ANOVA.

Histopatological study showed that methamphetamine increased renal damage in a dose dependent manner. High doses of methamphetamine caused a moderate lobulation, glomerulosclerosis and kidney congestion. There was also a significant difference between the experimental (groups 3 to 6) and control groups in regard to the volumes of kidney and glomerulus (P=0.000). Significant differences were found in the level of urea in group 6 and creatinine levels in all experimental groups compared to those of control group (P=0.000).

Use of 10 mg/kg of methamphetamine for 40 days led to destructive effects on kidney tissue. Also, it increased serum levels of urea and creatinine.

Fertility has dramatically declined in the past three decades in Iran with a fertility rate of below replacement level. So in recent years, policymakers have paid attention to new policies to achieve population growth. In the meantime differences in fertility levels are also emphasized between Shiite and Sunni religious groups. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of religion and development on women's fertility behavior in the selected towns from three Kurdish provinces. The method of this study was a secondary analysis and analysis method was also a two-level analysis. Data were extracted from the census in 1390. Our study included 9457 married women between 49 and 15 years of age, from the selected towns of Kermanshah, Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan provinces. The results showed that the difference in fertility level is very low between the two religious groups and religion did not show a significant effect on the fertility of women. In contrast, levels of development of the towns had strong and significant effect on women's fertility rate. We concluded that the issue of the religious imbalance was not related to fertility rate in Iran.

Report of communicable diseases is an essential component in control and early detection of epidemics. Hospitals which admit patients for treatment can be the start point of an epidemic. Considering different problems in the hospital reporting system in Iran, this study was conducted to determine these potential problems and develop potential solutions in the reporting systems of communicable diseases. In this phenomenological qualitative study, 54 people were assessed using structured interviews and focused group discussions. The participants were managers, nurses, professional experts of hospitals and health networks in Kurdistan and East Azarbaijan, and country disease control center. The results were reported using content analysis. The results showed that there were lack of feedback and incentives, lack of instructions and duty assignment programs and lack of a clear reporting system in the hospitals. In addition, we found differences in reporting methods, unfamiliarity of managers with reporting levels, inconsistencies between the health and treatment departments. The absence of a clear process for reporting infectious diseases in the Iranian hospitals require development of guidelines for reporting these communicable diseases. This process calls for collaboration of the health care department at all administrative levels.

Insomnia is a common disorder with a chronic course. Consequences of chronic insomnia can affect quality of life. Determination of these consequences can be useful in designing treatment plans for these patients. This study aimed to determine the consequences of chronic insomnia. Martial and The study was performed by a qualitative approach via conventional content analysis. Using purposeful sampling, we selected 17 patients with chronic insomnia from sleep disorders research center of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by semi structure interview over a 6 month period (March to September 2014). All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed qualitatively. Insomnia consequences were categorized in three main levels, health, functional and financial consequences. Health related consequences included wide spectrum of physical, psychological, and cognitive problems. The functional and financial consequences consisted of several aspects of impairment in individual and family function, and costs associated with chronic insomnia. The results showed that chronic insomnia not only affected physical, mental, and cognitive status, but also individual and family function, and resulted in increased costs. Attention to these consequences is recommended for treatment planning.