Journal of Inflammatory Diseases
Volume:22 Issue: 2, 2018

Primordial prevention is an important aspect of the health system, but its role is less known. It is the most basic level of the health prevention pyramid and has important role in control of cardiovascular diseases. Primordial prevention focuses on creating and maintaining conditions that minimize the emergence of risk factors of disease. Healthy behaviors and lifestyle modifications are considered to be the key interventions in primordial prevention.

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) colonization of hospital personnel is a source of hospital acquired infections.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage rate of SA and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Health Care Workers (HCWs) at Qazvin University hospitals.
A cross sectional study was conducted among 396 employees of five teaching hospitals from October 2016 to April 2017. After obtaining informed consent and completion of the questionnaire, a sample was taken from the anterior nasal cavity for microbiology. The isolation of SA and their antimicrobial sensitivity were carried out by standard bacteriological procedures (disk diffusion and E-Test method). MRSA were confirmed by cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Chi square and independent t test were used to analyze the collected data.
Findings: From the 198 HCWs, 32 people (16.1%) carried SA that the most carriers were workers of intensive care units (20.3%). 3% of all HCWs were identified as MRSA carriers. Colonization with SA is significantly lower among nursing and higher education. All SA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and rifampin.
The rate of nasal SA (especially MRSA) carriage among HCWs of Qazvin University hospitals is low. Also, staff teaching appears to be a promising approach for reducing nasal carrier. Rifampin and mupirocin, for eradication of Staphylococcus colonization in health workers (even MRSA) are acceptable.

Total organic carbon (TOC) is an indicator which presents water pollution via wastewater and organic pollutants including pesticides. TOC content in water presents organic matter and resulted that some countries use TOC as an indicator for assessing row water quality and water treatment facilities.
This study was done to determine total organic carbon concentration in groundwater resources in Qazvin plain.
Eighty-one water samples were selected randomly in arid and semi-arid climates in Qazvin plain in winter and spring of 2016. Sample stations were located in Qazvin, Takestan, Abyek and Buin Zahra cities. TOC analysis was done with SGE ANATOC™ Series II analyzer.
Findings: The average of TOC concentrations were detected 0.88, 0.68, 0.81 and 0.79 mg/L in Qazvin, Takestan, Abyek and Boin Zahra cities, respectively, with the mean of 0.79 mg/L. In addition, no significant relationship was found between land use and TOC concentration in groundwater.
The average of detected TOC in groundwater resources in the study area was lower than acceptable levels provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The obtained results revealed that there were low potential for production of disinfection by-products in chlorination process. Low levels of TOC in water resources can be due to the performance of filtration and reduction processes.

Lack of timely access to needed services in the emergency department of hospitals can bring many harmful effects to the patients. One of the important factors in providing timely services is the presence of sufficient number of nurses whom have been entrusted with acceptable volume of services.
The aim of this study was to estimate required number of the nurses in an emergency department of a training hospital in Qazvin.
This study was descriptive, cross-sectional that conducted in an emergency department of a training hospital in Qazvin in 2016. The method used to estimate required number of nurses was WISN (Workload Indicator of Staffing Needs) which was introduced by World Health Organization as a simple, applicable and logical approach for health human resource planning. Required data was gathered through direct observation, interview and document review.
Findings: As the results, in the emergency department, there was a need for 56 nursing staff while regarding to 52 available workforce, a significant shortage of four personnel was proved. In addition, work pressure was calculated to be 0.93 depicting burden of workload on current nursing staff.
Emergency departments in every hospital are the most significant sectors that need special attention in terms of human resource planning. Application of a simple, logical scientific method for estimating required number of health workforce in hospitals can be beneficial for the whole health system.

Maternal request for caesarean section due to fear of normal vaginal delivery is one of the main reasons for the high rate of caesarean section.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the presence of spouse in preparation class of delivery on fear of parturition in the nulliparous women.
This controlled randomized trial was conducted in 152 pregnant women nulliparous referred to delivery preparation class in Qazvin. We received informed consent from participants. The samples were randomly assigned to intervention (n=76) and control groups (n=76). Eight sessions of the childbirth preparation classes were held for the intervention and control groups with or without the spouse respectively. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics and childbirth attitude questionnaire. Statistical testes such as T-test, and repeated measure were used for analysis.
Findings: The mean age of the mothers participating in the study was 25.85±4.42 years. The decrease in mean of fear scores in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (28.58±6.47 and 32.82±5.79, respectively) (P The results of the study showed that the presence of a spouse in preparation class of delivery reduces the amount of childbirth fear and is suggested as one of the methods of implementing pregnant women's education program.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory polyarthritis with multiple clinical symptoms and psychological problems, such as depression. Psychotherapy can play an important role in achieving therapeutic goals.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence, depression (CBT-AD) and negative illness representations in people with RA.
A clinical trial was conducted in Rheumatology’s clinic in a Shariaty hospital in Tehran during 2016-2017, Iran. Then, among 151 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 28 patient were selected using the sampling judgment and half of them were randomly assigned to the CBT-AD (14 patients) and the others were in the control group (14 patients).
Psychological questionnaires including the illness perception questionnaire-revised, beck depression inventory and general adherence Scale were measured. All data were analyzed by independent t-test, Chi-square and multivariate covariance analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the baseline, post-test score between two intervention and control groups in three dimensions of illness representations (P CBT-AD is a potentially efficacious approach for individuals with RA struggling with depression at the same time, which leads to a reduction in depression, an increase in adherence and correction of negative illness representations.

Blood pressure disease is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between Glasser's basic needs with hypertension in the middle aged peoples by mediating variable of humor.
In the present study, descriptive-correlational research design was used. The sample consisted of 204 middle aged people who referred to Bu-Ali Sina Hospital in Qazvin (92 males, and 112 females). Purposive sampling method was utilized for collecting the data. The instruments of the present study included Sahebi adjustment scale, sense of humor questionnaire and the blood pressure information questionnaire. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling method.
Findings: The results showed that the proposed model had an acceptable fitness. In the relationship between basic needs with blood pressure and the role of mediator of humor, the direct relationship between blood pressure and the need for belonging, fun, survival, power and freedom was significant (95% confidence interval). Indirect relationship between blood pressure and the need for belonging, fun, survival and power was significant. Also, the direct relationship between humor and blood pressure was confirmed (β=- 0.55). Finally, in this model, the direct relationship between the need for belonging, survival, power and freedom with humor was confirmed (95% confidence interval).
It can be concluded that there is a meaningful relationship between humor and blood pressure. Glasser's basic needs and, consequently the humor and their uses in dealing with stresses can reduce the blood pressure in middle aged persons.

Complex and multidimensional nature of measuring food insecurity has been an ongoing challenge for researchers.
The current study was conducted to assess household food insecurity in the city of Karaj, rapidly.
In this cross-sectional study, 677 households from different parts of Karaj were selected by the multi stage cluster sampling method. Information regarding dietary practices was also collected with semi quantified food frequency questionnaire. Food insecurity was assessed using Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Consistency of research tools were estimated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
Findings: Totally, 76.6% households were food-insecure; with mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity (47.2%, 21.3%, and 8.1%) respectively. 16.8% of households often worried about inadequate food consumption by household members, and 18.3% were often unable to consume preferred food because of lack of resources. The secure and mild insecure food groups had significantly higher oil and meat consumption compared to the moderate and severe insecure group (P=0.04, P=0.02 respectively). Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicated the high internal consistency of the used questionnaire (α=0.89).
Food insecurity in household level has a high prevalence in the urban area of Karaj. Targeted and comprehensive policy actions with a combination of short and long term policies seem to be necessary to offset this problem.

Egg shell washing is one of the simple and inexpensive methods using by many people to clean egg shells.
In this study, the effects of egg shell washing (with 5° C water) on salmonella contamination of shell and its contents was assessment during refrigerated storage for 20 d.
The 60 eggs samples chosen from Qazvin markets. Egg samples were divided into control (without washing) and cold-washed group with cold water. Salmonella contamination in egg samples was studied before and after washing during cold storage (1, 5, 10, 15, 20 d).
Findings: Salmonella was not isolated in any of the treatments after washing with cold water during refrigerated storage.Washing with cold water followed by storage in the refrigerator led to destroying of Salmonella contamination in eggs. Also, no contamination was found in any of egg contents.
Cold water washing, as a simple and low-cost method at the community level can be used to improve the health of eggs and shells.

Quinolones are synthetic and commonly used antibiotics for treatment of multiple clinical infections in the world. Quinolones are clinically important antibiotics, as an ideal component, because of high potency, broad-spectrum activity, good bioavailability and a potentially low incidence of side-effects. These antibiotics are not originated from biological source. In addition to chromosomal mutations in the target genes which confer resistance to these antibiotics, in recent years, plasmids-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have made difficult to treat infections caused by resistant organisms. PMQR plays a very important role in resistance to these antibiotics due to the rapid spread between the bacteria. So far, three types of PMQR have been identified, including the aac(6')-Ib-cr, the qepA efflux pump and the qnr proteins. In this research, the role of qnr proteins in the development of drug resistance to the quinolone compounds has been studied.