فصلنامه یافته
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 63، پاییز 1394)

Integration as a chang in medical education is propounded in the world,s universities and transition from traditional system and a new definition of medical education is under consideration in this period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the opinions and perspectives of academic staff and medical students who involved in the integration of medical basic sciences project for better evaluation and planning. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Lorestan university of medical sciences in 2014. The perception of faculty member’s methodologies and active learning were obtained from130 students and 10 faculty members using a valid and reliable questionnaire. About 40% of the university professors believed that the necessity of integration plan to facilitate learning and its necessity for better understanding of educational material and connection among theoretical and practical courses is high, while 70% of the professors considered the necessity of integration plan to adjust these lessons and clinical issues is high. Based on Pearson correlation test there is a significant relationship between total mean and the degree of satisfaction of basic sciences lesson integration plan. Those students who had gained higher mean expressed higher satisfaction of integration plan in comparison to other students. Integration of basic sciences lessons to adjust medical courses in basic sciences level to clinical issues is important but the plan is faced with problems such as the satisfaction of professors and students in method and nature of integration plan which needs further study.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be lethal for the cell. Edible plants due to containing antioxidants reduce risk of disease and damages resulting from ROS. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects of aqueous and alcoholic fruit extracts of Rose Canina on the cell line U937. Cell line U937 (cell leukemia, human) purchased from the Pasteur Institute were incubated for 24 hours.Oxidative stress was created by iron (50 mM) or copper (50 mM) and H2O2 (mM1%) for cells, and the selected antioxidants (aqueous and alcoholic extract, 15 µmol of separate concentration levels of 25,50, and 100 mM) were added to them (except for control samples). Glutathione levels were measured by Tietze. Lipid peroxidation was detected by MDA assay method. LDH kit was used for cytotoxicity assessments. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Mean and Sd of MDA for alcoholic extract was 0.6338 and 0.0012 µm/mg protein and for aqueous extract were 0.6389 and 0.0017 vs. for control: 0.6570 and 0.0023, respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant differentce between glutathione amounts among alcoholic and aqueous extract samples and control sample. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts 25% more than other concentrations significantly decreased the MDA. Alcoholic extract 100% had the most(62/15%) and 25% had the lowest (24/1%) toxicity. Alcholic and aqueous extracts of Rosa Canina fruit lead to decrease in lipid peroxidation. Their high concentrations have the most toxicity.

2-chlorophenol is one of the aromatic organic compounds found in large amounts in oil and petrochemical waste waters and chemical methods such as advanced oxidation, etc are used for removal there. Among various AOPs the method derived from sulfate radicals (SO4● -) and per sulfate (S2O82-) activating with heat, UV radiation and transition metals (such as iron ions) is of interest. The aim of the study was to eliminate 2-cholorophenol from aqueous solutions by electro/per sulfate process. This lab scale experimental study was conducted using an electrochemical batch reactor equipped with 2-iron electrodes connected to a power source. Different values of main parameters including pH, voltage, initial 2-chlorophenol concentration and persulfate concentration were investigated in present study. Samples total numbers were 234. After collecting data, results were analyzed using SPSS and Excel soft wares. The results showed that solution pH, initial concentration of persulfate and voltage had significant effects on the removal. Maximum removal was obtained in acidic conditions at pH of 3. Furthermore, removal efficiency increased with increasing the concentrations of 2-chlorophenol, persulfate and voltage. Thus the electro/ persulfate process was able to remove 99.94% of 2-chlorophenol. The use of persulfate ions in electrochemical reactors equipped with iron electrode had high efficiency of 2-chlorophenol removal. Therefore, electro/persulfate process with iron electrodes (EPS) can be considered as a convenient option for industrial wastewater treatment plants.

Quercetin is a member of flavonoids family which can be found in vegetables, fruits, tea and dietary supplements. Quercetin has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the effect of quercetin on serum antioxidant properties of hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in adult rat. 72 adult male Wistar rats weighing 250 -300 g were used. They were divided into 9 groups (N=8). The femoral artery and vein was occluded using silk 6.0 with slip knot technique. All groups underwent ischemia for 3 hours and reperfusion was applied 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days. In half of each the experimental group150 mg/kg quercetins was injected intraperitoneally after ischemia. Blood samples were collected before killing the rats to measure the level of enzyme activity GPX, CAT, NO, POX and MDA. Serum enzyme activities of GPX, CAT, NO, POX, MDA in group received quercetin compared with the control group showed that quercetin reduces the level of serum activity of NO and POX. Quercetin can ameliorate damage caused by free radicals in the process of hind limbs ischemia-reperfusion via decrease NO activity levels.

Teenage girls health is more important due to multiple cultural and social reasons, the maturity characteristics of girls and their somatic and mental conditions of puberty and also their main role in fertility and its influence on a family life, makes a reduplicate importance on teenage girls health in comparison with boys. The purpose of this study was to investigate the health-promoting behaviors of female students in Poldokhtar. This descriptive cross-sectional study, was carried out on 427 high school female students selected using multiple step sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire (demographic questions, and standard health-promotion behaviors (HPLPII). Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. 421 questionnaires were completed. Average of general score of health-promoting behaviors was about 6.64 percent. Average score of different structures in students consisted of health responsibility, nutrition, physical activity and stress management were 7.68, 9.66, 2.58 and 8.56 percent respectively. Parental education, mother's occupation, family size, type of entertainment and body mass index had a significant relation with health-promoting behaviors (p<0.001). The results of this research showed that the sanitary behaviors of girl student in Poldokhtar has a moderate range. Stress management and physical activity had an inappropriate situation compared with two other structures and this makes more attention for more entries.

The identification of major dietary patterns using factor analysis can provide information about health status of children by obtaining an overall picture of the person's diet. The aim of this study was to determine major dietary patterns and to identify socioeconomic factors affecting them in school age children in rural areas of Bijar, Iran. In this cross sectional study, 255 rural school age children living rural areas of Bijar were selected by simple random sampling. Dietary intakes during the past year and assessment of socioeconomic information were examined. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis and their relation to socioeconomic factors was investigated. Three major dietary patterns," traditional", "modern" and "mixed", were identified. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnic and energy intake, Age of mother (b= 0.03, CI=0.00_0.05) was positively associated and age of father (b= -0.03, CI=-0.05_-0.01), laboring Job for father (b= -0.24, CI=-0.44_-0.03) and higher education of parents (b= -0.20, CI=-0.35_-0.05) were negatively associated with traditional dietary pattern. In addition, higher education of parents (b= 0.27, CI=0.11_0.44) was positively associated and age of mother (b= -0.03, CI=-0.06_0.00) was negatively associated with mixed dietary pattern. Some socio-economic variables such as maternal age, parental education, parental occupation and economic conditions can have effect on major dietary patterns among rural children.

Olive has a protective effect against chronic inflammatory conditions. However, it is not clear weather this effect is due to its immunomodulatory or antioxidant property. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of olive leaf extract on serum levels of Th-17 related cytokines and its antioxidant properties. 40 male rats divided into 5 groups, and were treated by placebo (Control group), vitamin C (as a known and potent antioxidant) and different doses of olive leaf extract. Four test groups, received vitamin C 10 mg/kg and olive leaf extract which contained 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg Oleuropein. All treatments were applied for 10 consecutive days orally via gavage. After this period, cardiac puncture was performed to retrieve blood from animals in order to determine interleukin 17, 23 and TGFβ levels in their serum by ELISA method. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, as a lipid peroxidation marker) were assayed in right brain hemisphere of treated animals. TBARS increased significantly in control group when compared to the other groups (p<0.05). GPx and SOD enzymes indicated higher activity in the animal group which was treated with 15mg/kg Oleuropein, in comparison with control group and a group who treated with 5mg/kg Oleuropein (p<0.05). Although there were no significant difference in IL-23 and IL-17 levels among control and test groups (p>0.05), TGFβ concentration was significantly lower in animals which treated by 5 and 15 mg/kg of Oleuropein. Olive leaf extract, which contains Oleuropein, had a significant antioxidant effect on the brain of studied animals, while it was not able to change the Th-17 cell-related cytokines (Except TGFβ) significantly. Therefore, it could conclude that the protective role of olive against chronic degenerative diseases is related to its antioxidant properties rather than its effects on pathogenic cytokine profile of Th17 cells.

Urinary tract infection or UTI is one of the most common infectious diseases in outpatients and inpatients. E.coli is the most prevalent organism in UTI. The aim of this study is to compare etiologic agents in UTI in inpatients and outpatients of Gorgan city. This descriptive- sectional study was carried out on 174 outpatients and 284 inpatients in 2011-12. For each person we filled a questionnaire including demographic information. In laboratory, samples cultured on EMB, MacConkey and blood Agar(Liofilcom co), and incubated in 37oC for 24 hours. After detection of gram of each bacteria, specialized and biochemical tests were performed. The results were compared with standard tables for identification of bacteria. Statistical analysis in SPSS18 was done and P≥0.05 was considered significant. Of 458 studied samples, just 38% were inpatients. 70.1% of 174 inpatients were women. Clinical symptoms like urgency(23.6%) and fever (43.6%) observed in inpatients that were more than outpatients. In inpatients, E.coli, the most frequent microorganism, seen 48.3%. Then Klebsiella 10.3%, Enterobacter 9.4%, Pseudomonas 7.5%, Enterococcus 1.1%, Providencia 1.1%, Seratia 2.3% and Edvardsiella 0.2% were the more frequent bacteria. S.aureus isolated just in outpatients. There were more frequent differences on etiologic agent in inpatients and outpatients. Providencia, Seratia, Edvardsiella were only isolated from inpatients. E.coli in our study, such as other studies in Iran and other countries, is the most important pathogens in UTI. Frequency of women in comparison with men in UTI, similar to other studies, was high. This characteristic is related to physiological position in women and men.

Self-evaluation in health and treatment sector, similar to other sectors, is inevitable. Resources limitation, the necessity of performances monitoring, vitality of rendered services and cares by this sector and quality of these services and…. are evidences indicating the necessity of an accurate and correct self-evaluation of this sector performances. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of Shahid Rahimi hospital in Khorramabad based on the Organization Excellence Model in order to achieve a practical guidline for improving its’ performance. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 in Shahid Rahimi hospital of Khorramabad City. The standardized self-assessment questionnaire, designed based on the EFQM model, was used as the instrument to data collection the reliability and validity of the questionnaire has been highly reported in the previous studies and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients has been reported 98%. In the enableres criteria of the organizational excellence model, regarding the leadership criterium of the hospital had the highest score while the processes criterium had the lowest score. considering the results criteria of the EFQM model, the customers and key performance results had the highest score while the lowest score was related to the society results which along staff results need to be improved. Findings of the study indicate the suitable condition of this hospital regarding to the EFQM criteria. The results of this model is generally applied for systematic analysis of the organizations’ internal-external environment in order to acquire a systematic approach as well as supporting decision situations.

Nowadays, despite the fact that a variety of factors contributing to the progress in technology has made people get things done faster the speed and accuracy in accomplishing affairs, as a result of which, this progress has brought about mankind obtain new achievements, has caused some diseases and mental disorders and undermined relations and human values. Thus, the target of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational factors and mental health of the staffs in governmental organizations. The method of this descriptive and correlation study was carried out on 379 staff of state organizations of Lorestan province who selected using stratified proportional sampling. For data collecting, General Health Questionnaire (28-GHQ), Metzkas and Bardnez’s management style questionnaire, role ambiguity and role conflict scale of Jamshidinezhad, Deep and Sosman’s organizational climate, and a researcher-made questionnaire for measuring employees, attitudes and organizational factors associated with stress were used. For analyzing the data, SPSS software (version 19), descriptive indicators, Pearson correlation, stepwise regression, independent t-test and multivariate analysis were used. The results showed that for predicting mental health of the staff of state organizations, working conditions, organizational climate, task-oriented style of manager and role ambiguity were significant. The results of independent t-test and multivariate analysis showed that there is no significant difference between male and female in general mental health scale and its components. The overall results of this study indicate the role of organizational variables in predicting mental health of the staff in state organizations of Lorestan state.

The eating habits of adolescents are of concerns about public health, because of the direct relationship between diet and the incidence of obesity and other chronic diseases in adults. Identifying dietary patterns can be used as a prognostic factor in the relationship between diet and chronic disease risk. The present study is a cross-sectional study on 140 healthy adolescents 13-19 years of middle schools and high schools in Karaj. Samples were selected by multistage cluster sampling method from 5 districts in Karaj. Validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Food items were categorized into 25 food groups based on similarity. Using principal component analysis three major dietary patterns were identified ehich among subjects had the highest dispersion justifying 30.25 percent of the total variance of consumption. Mediterranean-like pattern showed high loadings on nuts, fruits and vegetables, fish, chicken, olives, sweetmeat and pickles. The second pattern, called unhealthy pattern specified with a high intake of mayonnaise, refined cereals, boiled potatoes, red meat and processed meat, high fat dairy products, viscera. The third pattern (traditional) had high loading for solid fats, dairy scab, legumes and whole grains. Mediterranean-like pattern with explained 14.14% of the variance of the maximum percentage to be allocated. These patterns can be used to identify the appropriate educational steps taken to promote sufficient nutrition.

Honey is a natural product of plant secretions collected by bees then after some changes are saved in hive. Honey is rich in enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidants such as Catalase, ascorbic acid, flavonoids and alkaloids. The important feature of honey is also antimicrobial activity. Also entering some ingredients into bees, diet can increase of effectiveness the nutritional value of honey So the anti-oxidant and anti-microbialactivities of two types of honey by change in bees,diet incomparison with the other honey of the region were studied. Three different types of diet given to bees including apple juice, flowers and root extract of Licorice and region flowers so that three types of honey were produced. The honey affected on standard bacteria and Candida albicans with several antibiotics to evaluate of antimicrobial activity according to agar well diffusion assay. The amount of antioxidant compounds, measured according total phenol test. For measurement of antioxidant effects of honey, three tests of FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABT (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) were used. In this experiment, Licorice honey had highest antimicrobial activity especially against pseudomonas aeruginosa. The tested honey had a significant difference in total amount of phenol. In all three methods (FRAP, DPPH and ABT), apple honey had the highest antioxidant activity. According to the results of this study, entering some effective and natural materials into bees’ diet can cause a revolution in the honey product industry, as a drug, and health of society.