فصلنامه متن پژوهی ادبی
پیاپی 36 (تابستان 1387)

Thinkers justified the problem of evil in two kinds: 1- As logical problem of evil 2- As evidential problem of evil. In former type, the chief question is the controversy between evil and religious propositions and based on incompatiblist view, while in the latter, the existence of evil in the world is considered as contravention against the belief of God or loose and flaw in religious claimes. In the second type there is not any disclaiming on consistency or incompatible, whereas none-acceptable of religious beliefs is the main question. Mawlavi in masnavi illumines the best world and ultimate harmony theories. He displays not only the insignificant or excessive of evil but also the moral and natural evil and accepts them. Nevertheless his construing is on the basis of assesment of incompatibilist theory by "the higher good" view and "the prefect or aesthetics" view in natural evils.Mawlavi displays that there is not incompatible between God and evil.

One of the stylistic features of Hafez's ghazals is the covert semantic connections of his verses to one another. This causes the semantic structures of his ghazals to appear interrupted, so much so that some researchers have characterized this gap as a special feature of Hafez's ghazals. They believe that each verse or even every few verses of the ghazals are semantically autonomous, and have no relations with other verses. However, in this article it is discussed that even though the semantic structure of Hafez's ghazals is often visually disconnected there exists a semantic bond between the verses and the core, of his ghazals. This means that exquisite semantic ties and associations exist among the verses, the discovery of which requires profoundly detailed attention and interpretation. In this article, the author will attempt to explore the history of structural approaches to Hafez's ghazals. He will also analyze the semantic structure of one of his ghazals in order to represent the existence. of the core, the semantic ties between the verses, as well as the semantic connections between the verses and the core.

Persian poetry underwent a new phase in the course of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. During this great historical event, remarkable developments occurred in both Persian Poetry and Prose. During three decades of postrevolutionary period, poets inspired by the precepts of the holy Quran and Imam Khomeini's guidelines have made fundamental changes in poetry. These changes include orienting poetic concepts toward human and Islamic values, deconstrncting the form, deviating form the norms in terms of the integration of poetic concepts with epic concepts and reviewing profound spiritual and religious thoughts.

This article aims to discuss the focus of the Russian Formalism on the literariness of the texts, and its attempt to identify the devices which distinguish a literary form from an ordinary one. It also clarifies the fact that the new American critics argued for organic unity in poetry, i.e. poetry is a paradox that the critic, without being influenced by or paying attention to the author's intention, should try to solve the ambiguities and puzzles internal to it, in order to accomplish the understanding of the meaing, and to achieve the organic unity. The author, considering both of the above- mentioned approaches, explores Sohrab Sepehri 's poem entitled "Mehrab".

Still to this day Hafez is a widely researched topic of interest and discussion by his many devotees. Not many publications on this area have gotten away from scrutiny and criticism. The book ofBahrolferasah written by the Afghan scholar, Obeidollah Khishagi Ghosouri, is a noteworthy explanatory work on Haf-z. However the book has not received the attention it deserved from researchers, due to the anonymity of its author. This article will try to briefly introduce the book and its author to the readers.

Today, one kind of important literary is writing story. The subject of this article is analysis of story elements in clued: preface or beginning, narrator description, narrative, episode, crisis and fate. After introducing of writer and his works, we deal with analysis of narrative elements in story (Iba shobeiroc». The reference of this analysis is works such as: grammer of story. Ahmad okhovat. art of writing story. Ebrahim yoonesi. and some other reference.

Advanced research is to study the formation of the school of Neorealism in the Italian literature and its pioneers. Concurrent with the end of World War II in Europe, a wave of changes overwhelmed all dimensions of people's life, which developed in the form of a speedy and global conformity. Neorealism attempts display sociopolitical events and all layers and classes of the contemporary society from the viewpoint of the impact of war, fascism and the advent of new political forces on them. This research attempts to introduce the most famous writers of Neorealism in the Italian literature.

Haj Molla Hadi Sabzevari(1212-1289), a philosopher, jurisprudent, mystic and poet inl 3th century(A.H) is considered as of the men oflslamic Iranian intellect and culture who has about 46 works.In addition to verses and traditions from anoccent ones(peace be upon them), his works are affected by four schools: verbal school of Shiite, Aristotelian reasoning philosophy, enlightened philosophy of Sohrevardi, and philosophical principles of mysticism,especially Mahy AL-DIN Arabi.Molla Hadi is also influenced by Molla Sadra in theology.Explaining the spiritual rhymed couplets of Molana is one of his worksin which he has analyzes Molana,s words in accordance with his own intellectual school to explain the complications of rhymed couplets in Molana,s words.Haj Molla Hadi makes the ambiguous expressins clear using the grammer and literature of the language; however, he clearly turns the hnterpretation of rhymed couplets into a kind of philosophical interpretation of Quran. The texts of the book are full of expressions which are very brief and mostly ambiguous, and in many cases, the rhymed couplets need explanations.He has exployed several verses and traditions as well as Arabic and Persian poems in interpreting the couplets.Most Arabic poems are from Imam Ali(peace be upon him), Ebn Parez and Mohy Al-Din Arabi which include mystic points such as unity of existence,the best system of a perfect man, epiphany, I am right(Ana Al-Hagh), and mystic poverty.Meanwhile, some verses of Emra Al- Gheis, Tarafa, Labid, A boo Novas, Abo Al- Ala Mari, Ebn Sina, mystic poets and Haj Molla Hadi himself are seen, and some couplets on Majnoon have been also considered. Regarding the name of the poet and his time, in some cases, are not clear, only a hemistich has been, sometimes,mentioned.The Arabic couplets have no translations and diacritics.In the presnt article, it seems necessary to analyze the mentioned subjects as well as mentioning the meaning relationships of Arabic poems with explanation of rhymed couplets.

This research is intended to describe the origin of revelation. The question which is to be answered is whether the revelation descended to the Prophet by God or it was originated in the Prophet's innate self. Regarding the doctrine of pantheism in Masnavi, is it possible to assert that the revelation has merely originated in his own nature. To answer this question, it would be better to review the viewpoint of Mawlana on Universe and its relation with God and also his anthropology. There are many verses in Masnavi which refer to the marvelous internal capabilities of human being. By actualization of these capabilities, the ground for inspirations is provided. Mawlana believes that the revelation is a hidden consciousness that the prophets could grasp it by their intuitions. Hence, the descent of revelation is from the heaven and not from the innate self of the prophet. Although hearing the voice of God lies in the Purification of human essence, but initial nature of men is merely the means of receiving the voice of God. In fana (unifing with God) the whole essence of the Prophet is connected with God, to make the Prophet's faculty speak out. For Mawlana revelation is the word of God and whoever denies it is an infidel.