فصلنامه متن پژوهی ادبی
پیاپی 47 (بهار 1390)

The spoken language is a kind of existing languages which has been identified more through the contemporary poetry of Iran. However, despite its salient presence in the poetry of this period, the stages and aspects of this characteristic have not been investigated thoroughly. This study is an attempt to examine the poets whose poetries have manifested an extensive use of the spoken language more than others through well-known movements of poetry. The Mashrute period seems to be a turning point for poetry in entering to the realm of commoners and approaching the commonplace languages. Traditionalists in the poetry movements, which emerged after Mashrute, have included some elements of conversational language in poetry, in order to avoid obsolescence and imitation. Romanticism is more inclined to classical and aesthetic but simple languages, in both social and romantic branches. The Spoken language has officially been individuated in the social symbolism. However, symbolists don’t have a mere popular language, but in the frameworks of literary scales, have taken advantage of the elements of spoken language. The climax of this movement was the innovative experiences of Nima. He took the first serious step in this field, and has developed an extensive set of names of his surrounding phenomena in poetry and made use of spoken syntactic structures in accordance with other poetry elements. This process continued after him in the works of his successors, especially in Foruq Farrokhzad. Her poetry is based on the spoken language and has become an appropriate prototype for the poets of next decades to approximate poetry to spoken language. Despite the novel dimension and trends in the grammatical system, poets have used usual and current words. However, in the literary and grammatical system they keep a distance from the conversational language and intentionally endeavor to complicate the language of their poems. On the other hand, after the Islamic Revolution poetry has again approximated the spoken language through novel movements such as resistance poetry movement especially the modernists.

Although Arabic has extremely affected the Persian language, it should be noted that such impacts have been further noticed in the field of lexicon entrance not in the syntax or grammar of the given language. For several years, two samples of such syntactic influences were assumed as evident for grammarians: One structure is “Annexed noun+ Adj. + Determiner” in some phrases like: “Boys of the idiot minister”, and one another structure denotes the frequent use of (T: ة: An inflection in Arabic) used as a feminine sign at the end of some adjectives like “literally, the needed affairs: (.” (امور لازم + ة = امور لازمة The present study is aimed at revealing the fact that these two samples have nothing to do with impact of Arabic on Persian language. On the contrary, they are considered as grammatical structures of Persian language.

During the last one hundred years and since the beginning of the modern story writing, a large number of stories have been written and published by Iranian women writers. Critical investigations of the different aspects of such stories can reveal the changes and the evolution that have occurred in the story writing trend in contemporary Iran during one century of modern story writing. This study attempts to demonstrate the general characteristics of such stories through a comparative study of the themes and subjects related to women and women-oriented stories of women writers in two historical periods i.e., before and after the Islamic revolution (from 1300 to 1380). Further, it examines the transformation process of the above-mentioned themes. The issues dealt with in this paper are of four general categories: childhood, love, marriage and married life, and mother and filial relationship. Moreover, this study aims to examine a number of different stories considering the four-given categories.

The passage of time has always been tragic and will be forever. Symbolism is a literary school which has been established as a result of a literary and artistic movement in Europe in order to escape from time by using skillful techniques. Indeed, the symbolist writers and poets make use of symbols and icons in order to expand or contract the passage of time. Hence, many literary works and movies have been written and produced based on this theory. Nonetheless, the authors’ attempts in these works to eliminate time or change its direction are in vain. The tragic passage of time has been revealed in the novels of “The Portrait of Doran Gray” by Oscar Wilde and “the Black Cat”, the movie “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button”, and mystical works of Iranian poets such as Mevlana, Attar, etc. In other words, some of these works have been successful in changing or eliminating the linear process of the time whereas some others were not able to get rid of its tragic aspect. The passage of time is inevitable and will be permanently so.

Bukharayi accent is one of the Persian accents which emerged in the second decade of the twentieth century simultaneously with the beginning of intellectuals’ and the new comers’ activities of Bukhara and was used in the works of the intellectual leaders of this movement to serve as the accent for explanatory goals. After the separation of Transoxiania and the formation of Tajikistan republic, Bukharayi accent was promoted to Tajiki language; the official language of the above-mentioned republic. The role of Abdurauf Fitrat (1886-1938), who was one of the heads of the new comers’ movement, in originating this language was salient. This paper is an attempt to investigate the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic system of the novel of Sayyah Hindi Lectures (published in Istanbul in 1330 AH), using a descriptive - analytical method. The results of this study have revealed that Fitrat has consciously attempted to found the newly born language among Bukharayi people by repetitive use of speech system characteristics at the beginning of twentieth century. However, despite his attempt to approximate the speech type and reflect the delicacy of this accent in writing, his language is a hybrid, synthetic language i.e., a combination of literary and speech type, so that the coordination of these two systems has promoted this accent to be considered an independent language in later years.

Persian poetry has reached its peak in the writings of Hafiz with respect to linking common economic expressions with feelings and poetic emotion. Hafiz has used economic expressions with a specific artistic manner to show the condition of society, politics¸ and religion of his own time. Parts of his Gnostic thoughts¸ philosophy, his view of the world¸ and finally his image of an ideal life have been all reflected in the given expressions. Economic expressions have been conceptually divided into several categories in Hafiz's poetic works and their usage in figurative concepts has increased their meaning loads. Furthermore, from structural perspective, the creation of different combinations and the use of literary terms, and rhetorical devices bring about the richness of economic expressions. Accordingly¸ the economic atmosphere besides its flourishing market appears with a variety of goods which revitalizes the poetic emotions and feelings and Gnostic soul. This study aims to reveal the art of Hafiz in using this method and present the economic, social, political, religious, and authors’ views through economic terms. Further, it examines his techniques in designing a poetic and economic atmosphere and mystical enthusiasm.

Choosing convenient materials, collected or compiled on the basis of educational principles, is one of the most important points in education. Alongside teaching methods, this issue indicates the significance of curriculum. While teachers almost pay attention to teaching methods, we should not neglect the importance of syllabus design and curriculum besides teaching methods (if not saying that these enjoy more significance than teaching methods). Literature reviews of Language instruction have shown that such curricula have taken a developmental procedure and during recent decades, pure grammatical or meaning-based cases have substituted for more interactive ones. As a new approach, providing a real situation for learners to use the language, task-based curriculum has recently taken a considerable position among the other curricula. The most outstanding feature of this approach is its simultaneous focus on form and meaning and this is based on the idea that language learning is "not for communication" but "through communication". In other words, in this approach, language learning is not to enable learners to do and say things later, but do and say things concurrently with language learning. Taking the importance of developing and compiling proper materials into account to improve language skills especially reading skill on the basis of task-based pedagogical approach, this research was carried out in order to study the different aspects of this approach and to introduce it as a new educational method to improve Persian learners’ reading comprehension skills.