Scientia Iranica
Volume:23 Issue: 4, 2016

The main objective of this work is to provide an electric supply to remote Iranian villages that have no access to electricity grid using a stand-alone hybrid system. The hybrid systems considered in this study consist of a photovoltaic array, wind turbine, diesel generator and battery storage. Measured wind speed data was used for a wind turbine energy production model. The hybrid system optimized the electricity supply of villages with 6, 14, 20, 40 and 60 households in Bojnord, Moorchekhort, Kish, Langroud, Khash and Meshkinshahr. The main purpose of this optimization is to find an economical system configuration that is able to fulfill the energy requirements of a given load distribution while considering Iran’s current economy and cost. The optimized results for studied cases have been analyzed and implementation feasibility is discussed

A vast number of deaths in the world have been attributed to atherosclerosis. The prominent aim of this study is proposing an accurate and simple model to investigate the process of arterial wall thickening. In order to investigate LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) accumulation in arterial wall, a four layer model for arterial wall consisting of endothelium, intima, IEL, and media is presented. All layers are treated as homogenous porous media. This model has been solved both numerically and analytically. Obtained accumulated LDL in the intima is used to calculate oxidized LDL flux. Also, the presented model and clinical data are used to prepare the growth model for arterial wall. Furthermore, the e ect of hypertension on ltration velocity and rate of wall thickening has been studied which is in consistent with experimental data. Results show that the average rates of intima thickening of hypertensive patients with 120 mmHg and 160 mmHg transmural pressure are 5.87 m/year and 6.12 m/year, respectively. This rate for healthy subjects with 70 mmHg transmural pressure has been calculated 4.5 m/year. Finally, this model is applied to a carotid artery, and the maximum intimal growth rate for people with 70 mmHg, 120 mmHg and 160 mmHg transmural pressure is calculated 4.68 m/year, 6.28 m/year, and 6.67 m/year, respectively.

In this research, dynamic response of tapered plate made of MsM (magnetostrictive material) is studied for the first time. First order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used to derive the governing equations of tapered MsP (magnetostrictive plate) while the thickness varies linearly. To enhance the accuracy of the results, shear correction factor is considered and a feedback control system is utilized to investigate the effects of magnetic field on MsP. The five equations of motion that obtained by Hamilton’s principle are solved using differential quadrature method (DQM) and compared by those available in the literature. Results indicate the effect of various parameters such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, taper ratio, boundary conditions and the controller effect of velocity feedback gain on the frequency of MsP. These finding can be used to active noise and vibration cancellation systems in many smart structures.

The vortex tube air separator is an invaluable tool which has the ability to separate a high pressure fluid into the cold and hot fluid streams. The hot tube is a main part of the vortex tube which the energy separation procedure happens along this part. This research has been done to analyze the effect of the convergent angle and cold orifice diameter on the thermal efficiency of a convergent vortex tube. The convergent hot tubeangleis varied over the range of 1 to 9deg. The consideration of the main angle effect, denotes that the highest thermal ability could be achieved at β=5deg. Experiments denoted that both cooling capability and heating effectiveness reach the highest magnitudes when the DCold is around 9mm. After these two stages; the optimized convergent vortex tube was capable of decreasing and rising air temperatures at the cold and the hot sides up to 9.05K(42.89%) and 10.48K(44.74%) respectively. A computational fluid dynamics model was employed to predict the performance of the convergent vortex tube. The numerical investigation was done by full 3D steady state CFD-simulation using FLUENT6.3.26. The results show that the agreement between computation predictions and laboratory measurements is fairly good.

In this paper, a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations has been considered using Jameson method in a transonic flow over three air gun pellets. Furthermore, obtained aerodynamic results have been used in order to analyze the trajectories of the projectiles dynamically. The considered pellets have the same caliber of 4.5mm, but different nose shapes. The first pellet is a wadcutter, while the two other ones are a sharp pointed and a domed head respectively. These pellets have been geometrically simulated by means of a precise photography and a digitizer software application for the accurate determination of the plots and grid generation purposes. The aerodynamic results contain the streamlines, drag and pressure coefficients as well as pressure and Mach contours. These results demonstrate how drag coefficient changes versus the Mach number of the free stream flow which is a key point for the governing equations of the projectile motion. Dynamic results, which consist of trajectory and the Mach reduction diagrams of the pellets in various Mach numbers, have been acquired and compared in various Mach numbers. Relying on these analyses, from both aerodynamic and dynamic points of view, the third pellet in a variety range of Mach numbers is the most dominant projectile; however, the selection of superior pellet between the first and the second one strongly depends on considered Mach numbers at which the pellet travels its effective range of fly. The first pellet has a better fly than the second one at low Mach numbers, while at Mach numbers close to 1.0 and more, the preferable pellet is the second one.

The purpose of this paper is to present experimental applications of the inverse heat transfer methods (conjugate gradient method and sequential method). Three experiments are designed to estimate the heat ux and the heat transfer coecients. In the third experiment, convective heat transfer coecient is estimated directly and indirectly. In direct estimation, the conjugate gradient method with adjoint equation is used. The results show that inverse heat transfer methods are able to estimate the desired parameters with good accuracy in experimental state when mathematical model and boundary condition are correct and appropriate with experimental model.

In this paper, a finite element formulation based on two-variable refined plate theory is developed for free vibration analysis of isotropic and orthotropic plates. The two-variable refined plate theory, which can be used for both thin and thick plates, predicts parabolic variation of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness, satisfies the zero traction condition on the plate surfaces and does not need the shear correction factor. After constructing weak form equations using the Hamilton principle for vibration formulation, a new 4-node rectangular plate element with six-degrees of freedom at each node is introduced for discretization of the domain. The natural frequencies of isotropic plates with different boundary condition and the fundamental natural frequencies of levy type orthotropic plates are obtained. Comparison of results with exact solutions and other common plate theories shows that beside the simplicity of presented finite element formulations, it presents accurate and efficient results. Also the effects of orthotropy ratio, side-to-thickness ratio and types of boundary conditions on the natural frequencies are studied.

An extremely high tool wear rate in the machining of titanium alloys (Ti alloys) is one of the major reasons limiting the use of conventional machining processes for the components made of these alloys. The machinability of a -Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn (Ti- 15333) alloy can be signi cantly improved using an advanced machining technique known as Ultrasonically Assisted Turning (UAT). The key mechanism of tool wear associated with UAT of Ti-15333 alloy is still unknown. The present study begins to address this issue by examining wear behaviour of two di erent types of cutting inserts using UAT and Conventional Turning (CT) of Ti-15333 alloy. Tool wear was measured using 3D optical microscope and the composition of the Built-Up Edge (BUE) on the worn tools was analysed with scanning electron microscopy. A robust experimental methodology was developed, which provided repeatable and statistically reliable tool wear results. The KC5510 cutting inserts demonstrated better tool-life in UAT when compared to CP-500 inserts.

Experiments were conducted to study various kinds of shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SBLI) in an axisymmetric mixed-compression inlet. Further, some of the experimental findings were compared and verified by numerical solutions where possible. A classification of different types of SBLI relevant to the mixed-compression inlets is performed. Interactions of expelled normal shock wave/boundary-layer at subcritical and at buzz condition is investigated using Schlieren and shadowgraph flow visualization as well as unsteady pressure recordings. The data is further compared with the CFD prediction. Interactions of cowl lip reflected oblique shock and the terminal normal shock with the spike boundary-layer at both critical and supercritical operations that leads to shock trains and pseudo-shock phenomena are also studied. In this case numerical simulation results were used to illustrate the flow field. Experimental pressure recordings are used for validation and further discussion. The structure of SBLI flow in an inlet depends highly on the throttling value. For near critical throttling values, interaction of internal compression oblique shocks with boundary-layer and pseudo-shock phenomenon is dominant. Increasing the inlet back pressure pushes normal shock wave out of the inlet duct. Formation of lambda shock due to interaction of separated boundary-layer with normal shock wave is also investigated. The numerical and experimental results show that there exist different kinds of shock wave boundary-layer interactions relevant to the supersonic inlets. Each of these flow interaction phenomena has different effects on the stability and on the performance of the inlet. Interaction of terminal normal shock with internal duct boundary-layer causes pseudo-shock phenomenon that leads to increase of flow distortion and reduction of total pressure recovery. In addition interaction of normal shock wave with external cone boundary-layer causes buzz instability and degrades inlet performance.

In this work, the human lung alveoli are idealized by a three dimensional honeycomb like geometry and a fluid-structure analysis is performed to study the normal breathing mechanics. In contrast to previous works in which the inlet flow rate is prede ned, in this model, we have applied a negative pressure on the outside surface of the alveolus which causes air to flow in and out of the alveolus. The integration of the experimental curve of breathing flow rate was used to approximate the shape of the external applied pressure. Our Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) model has an advantage over other literature since it addresses both the fluid dynamics and solid mechanics, simultaneously. The flow patterns con rmed that there is no circulation in the terminal alveolus. We have applied three distinct material models { linear isotropic elastic, hyperelastic, and viscoelastic in order to simulate the mechanical behavior of alveolar wall tissue using ADINA software. The hysteresis behavior of the alveolar tissue was well predicted by a compliance diagram of the viscoelastic model while this behavior is not observed in the linear elastic and hyperelastic model. The stress and strain distribution is also obtained and is found to be non-uniform.

A new model of groundwater flowing within a confined aquifer was proposed using the concept of local derivative with fractional order. The derivative used in this model obeys all the properties of a local derivative and has a fractional order. The new groundwater flow equation was solved analytically via three different analytical methods. The first method is the well-known method of separation of variable. The problem with this method is the introduction of the Eigen-value that does not have physical meaning. The second method was achieved using novel integral equation called Atangana-transform and this method yields exact solution. An alternative method based on the modified Boltzmann transformation also yields to exact solution. Some numerical simulations were done to express the efficiency of the model.

This paper attempts to give a perspective on decentralized formation control of multiple car-like mobile robots using local information and formation changes in a dynamic environment having several obstacles. In addition, for every mobile robot, it takes physical dimensions, mass, moment of inertia, movement constraints and saturation of actuators into account. This study makes use of Input/output feedback linearization method to control each robot. Hence, hierarchical leader follower based algorithm is employed to control the group formation. To avoid collision between robots and obstacles, and between robots each other’s, local artificial potential fields are addressed. The group can change formation with respect to obstacles in the environment. Finally, simulation results of seven individual robots formation are presented to show the performance of the proposed control system.