فهرست مطالب
Physiology and Pharmacology
Volume:21 Issue: 3, Sep 2017
- تاریخ انتشار: 1396/07/23
- تعداد عناوین: 10
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Pages 172-174Achilles tendinitis is a rare adverse effect of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics have widespread usage for treatment of Gram-negative-related infections particularly urinary tract and respiratory infections. Due to the prevalent usage of this family of antibiotics, it is necessary to be careful about their side effects including Achilles tendinitis, which can ensue tendon rupture.
This case report introduces an 84-year-old man diagnosed with Achilles tendinitis due to consumption of ciprofloxacin for treatment of urethritis. The patient experienced pain on posterior region of the left ankle after three days of antibiotic therapy onset and the pain was alleviated within a week following ciprofloxacin cessation along with treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The Naranjo score was determined seven for this patient; accordingly, ciprofloxacin was the probable cause of this reaction. Early diagnosis of fluoroquinolones-associated Achilles tendinitis and stopping the treatment may prevent tendon rupture.Keywords: Achilles Tendinitis, Ciprofloxacin, Fluoroquinolones -
Pages 175-184IntroductionDuring its life cycle, malaria parasite has to traverse successfully through widely diverse environmental milieu of mosquito mid gut, RBC cytosol and human circulatory system where it is exposed to dramatic changes of extracellular milieu in terms of pH, osmolarity and ionic constituents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possible changes in the cations (Na, K, Mg2, Ca2, Cu2 and Zn2) in patients of malaria.MethodsBlood samples were collected in EDTA bulb at the time of admission (day-1) and on third day (day-3).
The samples were analyzed within 24 hours of collection. Plasma sodium and potassium were measured by flame photometry and calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc were measured by end point kit method.ResultsThe mean levels of plasma sodium, magnesium, calcium and zinc in the patients of malaria were significantly reduced (PConclusionIt concluded that the antimalarial drug regimen must be supported by antioxidants and trace elements supplementation to avoid grave penalty of reactive oxygen species and cations imbalance and also to improve the status of deviated biochemical parameters towards normalcy.Keywords: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc, Malaria -
Pages 185-192IntroductionStress is a main factor influencing brain functions as revealed by the electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Moreover, different stress durations seemingly cause perturbations in brain waves and lead to mental disorders. This study investigates the effects of acute, sub-chronic and chronic stress on EEG in rats.MethodsTwenty-eight Wistar adult male rats were randomly allocated to one control and three experimental groups subjected to 6 hr/day of acute (1d), sub-chronic (7d) and chronic (21d) stress. At the end of each period, 20 minutes of EEG recording was taken of each subject.ResultsPercentages of delta, theta and alpha frequencies of the baseline in the chronic stress group showed significant differences from those of the control (PConclusionThe data indicate that different stress durations have different impacts on the EEG rhythm. Acute and sub-chronic stress durations led to changed cortical activity, indicating the inability of the subjects to cope with the stress imposed. Also, chronic stress caused irregularities in the EEG rhythm (delta, theta and alpha waves). EEG recording seems to be useful for measuring stress levels and for predicting abnormalities due to different stress durations.Keywords: Stress, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Adrenal gland, Rat
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Pages 193-205IntroductionNogo-A and Nogo receptor (NgR) are expressed in the subventricular zone (SVZ) stem cells. NgR plays critical inhibitory roles in axonal regeneration and remyelination. However, the role of NgR in SVZ niche behaviors in demyelination context is still uncertain. Here we investigated the effects of NgR inhibition on SVZ niche reaction in a local model of demyelination in adult mouse optic chiasm.MethodsDemyelination was induced in adult mouse optic chiasm by microinjection of lysolecithin. We injected siRNAs against NgR intracerebroventricularly via a permanent cannula over 14 days to knockdown NgR. To trace SVZ stem cells and assess the effect of NgR inhibition on their reaction, BrdU was injected to the animals prior to the demyelination induction. Immunohistochemistry and histological analysis was carried out 3, 7 and 14 days post demyelination lesion.ResultsNgR inhibition significantly increased the numbers of proliferating cells in SVZ in response to demeylination. The number of BrdUﳩ抃澩꺈ẞ⭨ cells in the neurogenic zone of the lateral ventricles was enhanced when NgR was blocked. These progenitor cells (Olig2, GFAP or PSA-NCAM) were mobilized away from this SVZ as a function of time. Inhibition of NgR significantly reduced demyelination extension in optic chiasm.ConclusionOur findings reveal that inhibition of NgR potentiates adult SVZ progenitor cells proliferation and differentiation in demyelination condition and facilitates remyelination in the optic chiasm. Therefore, inhibition of NgR function could have therapeutic potential for demyelinating disease like multiple sclerosis.Keywords: Demyelination, NgR, SVZ, Progenitor cells, Multiple Sclerosis
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Pages 206-215IntroductionProtein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) is assumed to be actively involved in retainig long-term potentiation. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of PKMζ in basolateral amygdala (BLA) upon acquisition, consolidation, retention and retrieval of memory using a specific inhibitor of PKMζ.MethodsSixty male wistar rats underwent stereotaxic surgery and were cannulated bilaterally at the BLA nucleus. Then animals were divided into 4 groups of receiving BLA microinjection of zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) in different time courses: 30 min before and after training, 30 min before the testing (on the day after the learning) and 30 min after testing (but testing 10 days later). Memory was assessed using step through passive avoidance.ResultsZIP infusion in BLA had no significant change on acquisition (P=0.06), however significantly impaired consolidation, retrieval and maintenance of passive avoidance memory (P=0.012).ConclusionFindings indicate that PKMζ activity in the BLA plays an important role in retaining amygdala dependent avoidance memory interfering the process of consolidation, retrieval and maintenance of learned task.Keywords: Protein kinase Mζ(PKMζ), Learning, Fear memory, zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP)
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Pages 216-224IntroductionResistin, a complex multimeric structure which is secreted by adipose tissue and circulates in the blood, acts on the hypothalamus to increase sympathetic nerve activity, inhibit appetite and is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we survey the cardiovascular effects of direct injection of resistin into specific cell group of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that is known as one of the centers which control the baseline of arterial pressure and heart rate.MethodsAdult male rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.4g/kg intraperitoneally). Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored before and after treatment. Resistin (1, 3 and 5μg/rat), norepinephrine (2.5 nM), muscimol (250ng/rat) and saline as control (vehicle solution, 1μl) were injected into the PVN parvocellular neurons.ResultsThe results showed that resistin (3 and 5μg/rat) caused a significant increase in AP, HR and high QRS compared to control group and prior to its injection. Injection of norepinephrine into the PVN evoked a significant increase in AP, HR and QRS amplitude, whereas injection of muscimol significantly decreased these parameters. In the control group, saline injection into the PVN had no significant effect on these parameters.ConclusionIt can be concluded that the PVN can be one of the important central areas for actions of resistin which had obvious effects on HR and AP. These results provide a base for future studies to explore the role of resistin in cardiovascular responses in conditions like metabolic syndrome and hypertension.Keywords: Resistin, Paraventricular Nucleus, Heart Rate, Arterial Pressure
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Pages 225-233IntroductionPublic concern about the potential effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on human health is increased by progressive usage of electrical devices in modern life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure to low frequency EMF on the mechanical activity of isolated thoracic aorta strips in rats.MethodsFourteen male rats were randomly allocated into sham and experimental groups. Experimental group was continuously exposed to 1mT, 50Hz EMF, for 75 days in a magnetic coil box. Sham group was kept under conditions similar to experimental group, without being exposed to EMF. After 75 days, the rats were anaesthetized and the thoracic aorta was dissected and cut into 1cm strips. Aortic strips were suspended in organ bath chambers containing of Krebs buffer and were bubbled with a gas mixture (5% CO2, 95% O2). Then the aortic isometric tension was measured during 20-min equilibration period and after cumulative administration of acetylcholine and phenylephrine in different concentrations.ResultsIncreased vasocontraction responses to 10-6 M phenylephrine were observed in experimental group compared to sham group (PConclusionIt can be suggested that prolonged exposure to EMF have an effect on the vascular sensitivity to cholinergic and adrenergic system, can lead to alteration of the vascular resistance.Keywords: Electromagnetic field, Thoracic aorta, Phenylephrine, Acetylcholine
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Pages 234-240IntroductionSodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has shown to enhance the gastric emptying rate in normal rats but till now its effect on gastric emptying of food stuffs in diabetic rats was not investigated. Therefore, this study designed to determine the role of an oral administration of NaHS on gastric emptying rate (GER) of glucose, albumin and olive oil in gastroparetic and normal rats.MethodsTo evaluate the effect of NaHS on the gastric emptying of glucose, albumin and olive oil in normal rats, thirty-six normal rats randomly assigned in six experimental groups (6 per group). Three groups of rats considered as control. They received albumin, glucose or olive oil orally. Three other normal groups considered as NaHS-treated animals. These groups received NaHS (320 μg/kg, orally) 30 min prior to food stuffs. To investigate the effect of NaHS on the gastric emptying of food stuffs in diabetic rats, the same protocols carried out. Thirty min after intragastric administration of food stuffs, animals received acetaminophen (as a marker for gastric emptying rate).ResultsThe results showed that in normal and gastroparetic rats, an oral administration of NaHS accelerated gastric emptying of glucose, albumin and olive oil. The increased gastric emptying of glucose, albumin and olive oil in NaHS-pretreated gastroparetic rats was 89.9, 92.3 and 60% respectively more than in correspondings controls.Keywords: Sodium hydrosulfide, Gastric emptying rate, Gastroparesis, Diabetic rat
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Pages 241-250IntroductionIt has been suggested that oxidative stress has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. In the present study, the effect of tempol, a synthetic antioxidant, on kidney injuries and oxidative stress was investigated in an experimental model of preeclampsia in rats.MethodsPreeclampsia was induced by oral administration of L-NAME to the rats on the day 10 of pregnancy. Animals were randomly divided into six groups (10-15 rats in each group); (I) normal pregnant (II) preeclamptic (III, IV, V) preeclamptic tempol 20, 60 and 180 mg/kg/day, respectively, (VI) preeclamptic hydralazine 10 mg/kg/day. Urine levels of sodium, potassium, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase and 24 h protein, blood levels of creatinine and urea, in addition to malondialdehyde concentration in blood and kidney, as well as histological glomeruli changes were assessed.ResultsL-NAME administration caused proteinuria and glomerular pathological changes. Tempol (20 and 60 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced plasma and renal (PConclusionRenal complications of experimental preeclampsia such as proteinuria and glomerular injuries can be prevented by tempol. The desired effects of tempol depend on its dose.Keywords: Tempol, Rats, Preeclampsia, Oxidative Stress, Proteinuria
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Pages 251-259IntroductionHigh dose of acetaminophen (APAP) is known to have hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects and studies show that this toxicities are dependent on the function of phase I bioactivation enzymes- Cyp450- and phase II biotransformation enzymes especially glucuronosylation and sulfonation pathways. However, the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) as an inflammatory mediator in toxic effects of APAP has not been explained satisfactorily yet.MethodsIn this study, we aimed to find out if there is any association between APAP hepatotoxicity and COX-2 expression at mRNA levels. Male Balb/C mice were treated with a single high dose (300 mg/kg BW) or low dose (30 mg/kg BW) of APAP.ResultsFollowing APAP treatment, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes were measured as the biochemical markers of hepatocellular damage. Then liver and kidney biopsies were processed and examined for histolopathogical changes as well as for total RNA extraction and COX-2 gene expression. Serum ALT/AST levels were significantly (PConclusionThese data may suggest that unlike in liver, COX-2 expression in kidney may play a protective role in APAP-related hepatotoxicity.Keywords: Acetaminophen (APAP), Cyclooxygenase, COX-2 gene expression, Hepatotoxicity