نشریه علوم و تحقیقات بذر ایران
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1395)

In order to study the effect of surfactant solution on of Flax oil and Chicory seed germination indices under salt stress, an experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the laboratory of Science and Seed Technology, Shahed University. Treatments were salinity (control, 3, 6, 9, 12 ds/m) and surfactant solution (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ppm), respectively. In this experiment were studied treatments Shoot length, Root and Seedling, Root to shoot length ratio, germination Percentage, germination rate, Seedling dry weight and Mean germination Time. Results showed that salinity and concentrations of surfactant had significant effect on most traits. So that the salt concentration of 12 ds/m reduced seedling length and germination rate by 8.3% and 20.8% in Flax seed oil, respectively. Also 30% of the dry weight reduced in Chicory plant. Surfactant solution with concentration of 3 ppm increased 107 percent the average seedling root length, 35 percent length, 91 percent of radicle to shoot and seedling dry weight in Flax oil plant. Also the concentration of 2 ppm of surfactant at low salt levels produced the most plumule and radicle length on both plant, and produced the most radicle length and allometric of chicory plant. At high concentration of surfactant with low levels of salinity reduced the average time required for germination. In general, the results showed that surfactant solution can be improved the germination tests, as well as some adjusting for the salinity effect.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect the growth and yield of plants. To study the effect of salinity and salicylic acid on germination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet) seeds, two factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of salinity (0, 2, 4, 6 ds/m sodium chloride) and three levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1 mM). The results showed that salinity significantly reduced seed germination and seedling growth. The lowest values of germination rate in cucumber (18.79) and watermelon (10.33), germination percentage in cucumber (86.65 percent) and watermelon (69.63) and seed vigor index in cucumber (17.93) and watermelon (9.59) was observed in 6 ds/m level of salinity. Salicylic acid improved germination parameters in both plant. The highest seed germination (97.98 percent) was obtained in the 1 mM level of SA under control condition. According to the results, pretreatment of cucumber and watermelon seeds by 1 mM SA can be proposed to improve seed germination and growth rate of seedling under salinity.

To reduce the effects of salt stress in plants used different ways at different stages of plant growth, including germination .Humic acid is a natural substance and has positive effects on plant growth. In this experiment was investigated the effects of humic acid on germination characteristics of three varieties of radish under salinity stress. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments include three varieties of radish(Cherry bell, Sparkler and Scarlett Cincinnati as the first factor and humic acid on four levels (control, 0.5, 1.5 and 2 grams per liter) as the second factor and salinity at four levels (control, 1.5, 5 and 7.5 dS/m) as a third factor. In this experiment was evaluated germination characteristics such as Shoot and root lenght, fresh and dry weight of seedling, allometric coefficient, speed and percentage of germination. Under salt stress, the use of humic acid increased the shoot length, fresh weight of seedling and speed of germination in radish varieties but the length of root, allometric coefficient, dry weight of seedling and percentage of germination was a non-significant . In salt stress conditions, the use of humic acid at 1.5 g /L was increased maximal effect on root length and fresh weight of seedling and concentration of 2 g /L increased germination rate. The results revealed radish varieties showed different responses. Scarlett allocated to the highest shoot length, fresh weight of seedling, speed and percentage of germination and The highest root lenght and allometric coefficient was related to the Sparkler. Cherry bell had least germination characteristics in salinity salinity even with the application of humic acid.

Environmental factors during growth and development of plant can be in addition to the number and size of seed production effect on the qualities of seed production. Accordingly, first in the field treated different shading levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 percent) at growth stages (vegetative and reproductive phases and all of growth stages) on chickpea var. ILC482. Then, from produced seeds was carried out some germination tests and seedling growth under laboratory conditions. This exam was designed with a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University in 2014. In this experiment examined seed size and weight, evaluation of seedlings growth and germination indices traits. The results showed that seed characteristics and seedling growth had under effects of shading levels, growth stages and interaction between of them. Shading treatment of 75 percent at vegetative stage had the lowest seed weight (244.6 mg), root dry weight (28.4 mg) and shoot dry weight (28.9 mg). Germination characteristics were only under the impression shading levels. And with the increase of shading levels were less traits values.

Due to the role seeds germination of the plant establishment, optimal germination as a key factor in agriculture is important. In order to determine the components of germination, enzymes, antioxidants and electrical conductivity seeds obtained from pretreatment a mother plant seed on the farm a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the laboratory of Bio-center, College of Agriculture, Zabol University. first factor include varieties at 3 levels (Pinto bean varieties E9, E10, and Khomain) and second factor seeds obtained from pretreatment the mother plant seed on the farm at 7 levels: 1-(polyethylene glycol (PEG) -5 bar at 6 hours, 2- salicylic acid (C7H6O3) 500 mg per liter at 12 hours, 3- potassium chloride (Kcl) -20 mM at 6 hours, 4-calcium chloride( Cacl2) - 15 mM at 3 hours, 5- sodium chloride (Nacl) -20 mM at 6 hours, 6- distilled water at 12 hours and 7- without pretreatment (control). Percentage and rate germination, weight and lengh vigor index, energy germination 4th days, Alpha-amylase, Sugar solution, Peroxidase, Peroxidase and super oxide despotize were measured. The result showed that the interaction between pretreatment and varieties on germination traits include germination percentage, weighting vigor index, Energy Germination 4th days at 1% and vigor index length at 5% were significant. The biochemical characteristics of seeds obtained from pretreatment the mother plant seed on the farm was significant at 1%. The highest percentage and germination rate were obtained calcium chloride at 3 hours varieties E9, highest vigor index on calcium chloride at 3 hours varieties E10 and soluble sugar, alpha-amylase, peroxidase on calcium chloride at 3 hours. The result showed pretreatment Cacl2 at 3 hours improved the germination and growth seedling on bean. Pretreatment seeds of mother plant are good germination and according to variety and selection of appropriate pretreatment for mother plant, can improve germination, establishment and growth seedling beans.

In order to study the effect of ginning and delinting on Golestan province produced Sahel cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar planting seed germination and seedling vigor, this research was carried out as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design by four replications. Treatments were including ginning of produced cottonseed in two regions, Anbar Oloom and Gonbad (respectively west and east regions of Golestan province) by8 an 16 saw gin machines at two ginning plants at two regions, ginning by manual roller gin machine and hand ginning and delinting by acid sulfuric.Results revealed that seed production region, cotton seed ginning methods and delinting interaction on studied traits was significant. Ginned by manual roller gin and 16 saw gin and not delinted seeds of province east, had respectively highest and lowest normal seedlings percent. Also hand ginned and not delinted seeds of province east had the lowest abnormal seedlings percent. Also lowest and highest mean germination time and coefficient of velocity of germination respectively related to west of province seeds which their cottonseed ginned by manual roller gin and not delinted. Not delinted and cottonseed ginned by manual roller gin seeds west of province and east of province not delinted and cottonseed ginned by16 saw gin machine of Gonbad ginning plant seeds respectively had most and lowest seedling weight vigor index. Also highest and lowest seedling length vigor index belonged to delinted and ginned by manual roller gin seeds of Golestan province east and not delinted and ginned by by16 saw gin machine of Gonbad ginning plant seeds of this region respectively. Totally, based on this research results revealed that, seeds produced at east of Golestan province had low susceptibility to acid delinting and recommended for Sahel cottonseed ginning, especially produced at west of Golestan province cottonseeds, roller ginning machine used till seed coat damage and delinting by acid effect on germination ability and seed and seedling vigor decreased.

In order to evaluate effect of some of biofertilizers in integrated to chemical and organic fertilizers on quantitative and nutrients density of sorghum forage (Pegah cultivar), a experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 growing season at Rice Research Institute in Rasht. The experimental design was completely randomized block, with three replication. Investigated treatments were including control (without inoculation and without chemical fertilizer), use of fertilizers and without inoculation, seed inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 12̺ⶡ뚜뗪 chroococcum strain 41 and without chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 12. chroococcum strain 41 and 50% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 12. chroococcum strain 41 and 75% chemical fertilizer, use of vermicompost (6 ton/ha)and without chemical fertilizer,use of vermicompost (6 ton/ha) and 50% chemical fertilizer,use of vermicompost (6 ton/ha) and 75% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 12. chroococcum strain 41 and 50% vermicompost,seed inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 12. chroococcum strain 41 and 75% vermicompost,seed inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 12. chroococcum strain 41 and vermicompost. Fertilizer treatments had significant effect on plant height, leaf area, dry weight of leaf and stem, wet and dried yield of forage, dry matter digestibility of dried forage, crude protein of dried forage, P and Zn content. Results showed that integrated usage of vermicompost and plant growth promoting microorganisms had the highest of amount in all of characteristics except stem diameter. The findings of this experiment showed these microorganisms can adapt themselves based on soil properties, plant genotypes and particularly climate. Improving of the nutritional status in integrated usage of vermicompost and plant growth promoting microorganisms increased quantitative and nutrients density in compared with non-inoculation treatments. Indeed, use of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can interact positively in increasing plant yield by nutrients uptake especially P, promoting plant growth and secretion of secondary metabolites, too. Generally, it seems that using of vermicompost could improve sorghum performance in addition to reduction of environmental pollution.

In order to assess the germination characteristics of mustard heteromorphic seeds (black and yellow) under salinity and drought stress, two separate experiments carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications and seven treatments in Agriculture Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The studied factors included salinity and drought treatments in seven levels (zero, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10 and -12 bar) and seed coat color in two levels (black and yellow). The results showed the significant and negative effect of salinity and drought stress on germination characteristics in both seed (black and yellow). In both seed (black and yellow), all measured germination indices reduced by increasing salinity and drought stress, but this reduction was different. Germination percentage of yellow seeds had more resistance to stress than black seeds. Germination rate, radical and plumule length and seed vigor index of black seeds was more resistance than yellow seeds. Generally findings of this research showed black seeds had more resistance to both of salinity and drought stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of priming by salicylic acid on seed germination and vegetative and physiological characteristics of zinnia (Zinnia elegans) under drought stress condition, two laboratory and pot factorial experiments were conducted based on completely randomized design with four replications in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Hormozgan University at 2014. Experimental factors included priming with salicylic acid in concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM and four drought levels (simulated by PEG 6000) ; 0, -0.5, -1 and -1.5 MPa. The results showed that in both laboratory and pot experiments drought stress reduced seed germination and early seedling growth of zinnia, significantly. While, seed priming with salicylic acid increased these traits when compared to control. In the pot experiment and -1 and -1.5 MPa drought conditions, the seed treatment with 1 mM concentration of salicylic acid improved zinnia vegetative characteristics. At the highest level of drought (-1.5 MPa) level application of 1.5 mM salicylic acid led to dampen the negative effects of the drought. Seed priming with salicylic acid increases the relative water content of the leaves under drought stress conditions. Generally seed priming with salicylic acid can be used for improving zinnia seed germination under drought conditions.