فصلنامه محیط شناسی
سال چهل و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 74، تابستان 1394)

Textile industry has a significant impact on the environment because large amount of water and chemicals is used in various processes of this industry such as sizing, scouring, washing, bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing that leads to production of hazardous wastewater. This wastewater contains dying substances which remain visible even at low concentrations. Water clarity and dissolved oxygen decreases in the presence of even a small amount of dye. Azo dyes are considered to be carcinogenic that pollute groundwater and surface water (Khandegar and Saroha, 2013; Morshed et al., 2012; Merzouk et al., 2009). Dye removal by different physical, chemical and biological methods or a combination of them could be possible. Physical methods such as adsorption, membrane filtration and ultrasonic waves, chemical methods like ion exchange, electrolysis, coagulation, flocculation, conventional and advanced oxidation and biological methods by algae, fungi and bacteria have been mentioned in the literature (Wang et al., 2014; Oliveira and Airoldi, 2014; Pajootan et al., 2012). Recently, electrochemical method is considered as a convenient method for purification of industrial wastewater due to its versatility and adaptability to the environment. This method has advantages, for decolorization, such as simple operation, high performance and short retention time for removal of pollutants, and requires less chemicals (Yildiz, 2008; Yuksel et al., 2011). Electrocoagulation is a method in which coagulants are dissolved into solution from anode electrode (Fe or Al) by applying electric current. Besides, by electrolysis of water, hydrogen bubbles are generated at cathode. This tiny bubbles move upward collide with flocs and form a sludge blanket on the surface. Furthermore, these bubbles are very active and can alter surface and buoyancy properties of the solids. These changes are known to be electrochemical effects that do not exist in the other flotation techniques (Matis and Peleka, 2010; Parsa et al., 2011). Electrocoagulation has been used successfully for treatment of various industrial wastewaters such as plating (Adhoum et al., 2004), chemical and mechanical polishing (Drouiche al., 2007), textile (Khandegar and Saroha, 2013; Wei et al., 2012; Pajootan et al., 2012; Yuksel et al., 2011), olive oil (Tezcan et al., 2006), laundry (Wang et al., 2009), tannery (Feng et al., 2007), dairy (Şengil, 2006), pulp and paper (Khansorthong and Hunsom, 2009), and oil refinement (El-Naas et al., 2009). For instance, Khandegar and Saroha (2013) treated textile wastewater by electrochemical method. Under Optimum conditions, with dye concentration of 10 mg/L Acid Red 131 and using aluminum electrodes, dye removal efficiency of 98% was obtained. Pajootan et al. (2012) studied removal of Acid Black 52 and Acid Yellow 220 from wastewater by electrocoagulation. With dye concentration of 200 mg/L and aluminum electrodes removal efficiency was 90 and 98%, respectively for the mentioned dyes. The aim of this study was to assess the simultaneous performance of electrocoagulation and electroflotation techniques in an electrochemical system by using aluminium electrodes for removal of Acid Red 14 from aqueous solution. It was expected that the need for a gravity settling unit and as a consequence treatment cost would be reduced. In this study, the design of the reactor in a manner intended to take advantage of electrocoagulation and electroflotation methods simultaneously. Effect of four important parameters on the performance of electrochemical systems, including electrode surface area, interelectrode distance, electrical conductivity and current density was studied. The optimum values of these parameters were determined based on the amount of electrical energy and aluminium consumption and the best performance of coagulation and bubble generation. In this study, electrochemical process was developed at room temperature in a 5 L rectangular plexiglass cubic reactor which included two pure aluminium electrodes with monopolar and horizontal arrangment and a PM-3005D Megatek power supply. Considering that the generated hydrogen gas at cathode plays the main role of floating suspended particles, the cathode was placed above the anode. Before each experiment, the electrodes were sanded and then washed by diluted acidic solution and distilled water. The experiments were performed in batch mode. An Anionic dye, Acid Red 14, as the main pollutant with structural formula of C20H12N2Na2O7S2, containing an azo group and molecular weight of 502.4 was used to prepare the synthetic wastewater. The concentration of dye in solution was measured by using a Hach DR-4000 spectrophotometer at the wavelength of maximum absorption of the dye (λmax=515 nm). The other equipments used in this study included a Mettler PJ300 digital scale with accuracy of 0.001, Metrohm 691 pH meter, a Martini MI805 EC meter and an IKA RH-Bassic2 magnetic stirrer. NaCl (Merck) was used to obtain electrical conductivity in solution and synthetic wastewater was prepared with double distilled water. All measurements including dye concentration, EC and solids were according to water and wastewater standard methods (APHA, 2012). Parameters including electrode surface area (24.86, 52.86, 80.86 cm2), interelectrode distance (1, 1.5, 2 cm), conductivity (800, 1600, 3000, 4000, 5000 µS/cm) and current density (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mA/cm2) were examined. Specific energy and aluminium consumption were calculated in terms of (kWh/kg dye removed) and (kg Al/kg dye removed), respectively. These two responses and TSS of the separated sludge were the basis for determination of parameters optimum value. Effect of electrode surface area: Experiments were carried out at electrode surface area of 24.86, 52.86, and 80.86 cm2. Other parameters were kept constant. By increasing electrode surface, generated oxygen bubbles were trapped under anode and continued to stick together and form large bubbles. When these large bubbles were released from under the anode, they collided with hydrogen bubbles on their path upward and form larger bubbles that were not capable to floate the existing flocs. By increasing the electrode surface, due to lower electrical resistance of the system, the voltage required to achieve a constant electric current was reduced. It have to be noted that the lower anode dissolution results less production of sludge, hence lower disposal management costs. So the electrode surface of 24.86 cm2 with dye removal efficiency of 99% within less than 120 minutes, specific energy consumption of 193 kWh/kg dye removed, anode dissolution of 3.908 kg Al/kg dye removed and sludge TSS of 15050 mg/L was selected as the optimum value. Compared with conventional gravity settling tanks, this system has higher sludge TSS values. Effect of interelectrode distance: Experiments at interelectrode distances of 1, 1.5, 2 cm were carried out to assess the influence of this parameter. By increasing the distance between the electrodes, dye removal efficiency decreased due to the delay in forming coagulants and less mobility of the ions that were produced at the electrodes. By reducing the distance between the electrodes, the voltage required to achieve a constant electric current was reduced due to the reduction of electrical resistance. Aluminium dissolution with different interelectrode distances had close values; so interelectrode distance of 1 cm was selected as the optimum value for the following experiments. Effect of electrical conductivity: The electrical resistance decreases with increasing conductivity of the solution. Typically, the voltage required to achieve constant electric current decreases. Salts and ions are used to provide electrical conductivity. Deposition and corrosion caused by these ions on the electrodes make problems in the process, increase the electrical resistance and impose additional costs. It was observed that by enhancing the electrical conductivity and needing more time to completely separate the pollutant, the amount of aluminum in the separated sludge increased, taking into account turning of the sludge more into gray. The increasing of aluminum flocs that contain water, in the sludge causes the TSS to decrease. So the electrical conductivity of 1600 µS/cm with dye removal efficiency of 90% within less than 90 minutes, specific energy consumption of 130 kWh/kg dye removed, anode dissolution of 2.615 kg Al/kg dye removed and sludge TSS of 15050 mg/L was selected as the optimum value. Effect of current density: The rate of dye removal by increasing the amount of current density is greater. This phenomenon is because of the higher rate of production of coagulants and gases with increasing current density, which leads to faster coagulation, flocculation and separation of contaminants (Zodi et al., 2013). The lower current density leads to lower bubble generation. According to the observations, at low current density, due to the low volume of produced gases, the sludge was not floated well and after floatation it returned into the wastewater and the process of pollutant removal was more dependent on continuous separation of sludge. Thus at low current density, the efficiency of the process will be low in high pollutant concentration and load shock (Kobya et al., 2006). Optimum system performance was achieved at current density of 60 mA/cm2. This paper has considered the electrochemical treatment of an azo dye (acid red 14) with electrocoagulation and electrofloatation simultaneous processes. The experimental results showed that electrocoagulation and electrofloatation system has good performance for rapid removal of dye, so this system can be used for treatment or pre-treatment of wastewater containing toxic and non-biodegradable materials, especially textile effluents. The process can easily be controlled and equipments are safe. Tiny bubbles of the same size are generated. There are few needs to add chemicals. Also, good efficiency in hydraulic, organic and toxic shocks, reduction in the number of process units and in consequence decrease in the required area for treatment plant, and lower operation cost are the other advantages of this technique. The effects of electrode surface area, interelectrode distance, electrical conductivity and current density were investigated. From the obtained results, after 90 min of electrolysis, 90% dye removal was achieved under optimum condition of electrode surface area=24.86 cm2, interelectrode distance=1 cm, electrical conductivity=1600 µS/cm and current density=60 mA/cm2 with specific energy consumption=130 kWh/kg dye removed, anode dissolution=2.615 kg Al/kg dye removed and sludge TSS=15050 mg/L.

Cadmium as one of the toxic heavy metal, because of harmful effects on health and the Environment, has attracted a lot of attention. The main sources of cadmium emissions are the environment, the waste of electroplating, melting, alloyed manufacturing, pigments, plastics, batteries, extraction and refining processes. This metal easily accumulates in different machines of people and has negative effects such as renal disorders, lung insufficiency, bone lesions, cancer, high blood pressure, on the healt. The adsorption process as an effective method for removing heavy metals from soil and water has spread. Various adsorbents such as clays, zeolites, the dry plants, waste pile of agricultural, biopolymers, metallic oxides, microorganisms, sewage sludge, ash and activated carbon for the removal of cadmium are used. Absorbed is known As an economic and efficient way with significant potential for removal, recovery and recycling metals of waste. In study of transmission and absorbed of minerals and compounds on the adsorbent, must exist Equations and relations between concentration and remaining of absorbed matter in constant temperatures, these equations are isotherms, Langmuir and Freundlich models are represent these equations. In this study, iron nanoparticles in size 8-18 nm and the effective level of 59-79 m2 / g was used, to prepare cadmium soluble was used of salt of cadmium chloride H2O(2/5) CdCl2.and for changes in PH was used NaOH hydroxide and HCl. Testing method.The experiments done as batch reactor and changing pH, change in the amount of nanoparticles, change in the initial concentration of soluble, change in the test time and Sedimentation time are investigated. The initial concentration of soluble is equal to 60, 30, 15, 5 mg / L, which is the value of 60 mg / L is included as the initial concentration of the soluble in other tests. in order to prepare 250 mm of 60 mg / L soluble, amount of 0.0035 gr of cadmium chloride salt is needed. At first 250 ml of the Concentration of cadmium is prepared and certain amounts of particles with 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.13 g weight, was poured into 100 ml test tube containing cadmium soluble, Then in order to uniform distribution of nanoparticles in soluble to increase the contact between pollutants and nanoparticles and to enhance the efficiency of adsorption, The Solubles were placed in an ultrasonic device. After washing with distilled water, magnet was poured into a test tube. And was adjusted onto a magnetic stirrer at high speed in a specified period of 60, 45, 30, 20 and 10 minute, And then was given Sedimentation time to the desired soluble. Also, in order to adjust the pH of concentrated nitric acid and were used normalized profits of 0.1. Assessing the effects of changes in pH on the removal efficiency of cadmium by iron nanoparticles.The results of the cadmium absorption in different pH at room temperature Was performed with an initial concentration of 60 milligrams per liter, 0.25 g of nanoparticles in 100 mg of soluble testing time 45 minutes. with increasing pH, Removal rates increased, And from pH= 5.8 to pH= 7.2 the removal efficiency increases about 60%, However, cadmium soluble in 8.4 = pH was tested under identical conditions without the presence of nanoparticles, became clear that without the presence of nanoparticles at this pH, there is also a 80% removal efficiency. but in pH=7.2 without the presence of nanoparticles, the removal efficiency was obtained 34%, indicating that In PH= 7.2 the presence of nanoparticles increases removal efficiency. Assessing changes in the amount of iron nanoparticles and its performance in the removal of cadmium.The results of the cadmium absorption was performed in varying amounts of iron nanoparticles at room temperature, with initial concentration of 60 milligrams per liter, a pH value of 7.2 with different values ​​of 0.13, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 g in 100 ml of nanoparticles and time-tested 45 minutes. Removal efficiency increases with increasing amount of nanoparticle and removal efficiency is increased with increasing amount of nanoparticle from 13/0 to 25 / 0 g by about 30%, While the the removal efficiency of cadmium with increasing amount of nano-particles from 5/0 to 75 / 0 g has increased only 3%. 0.75 g of nano has the best performance, but given the proximity the result with 0.5 g of nano, this value has been selected as optimal nano. because of the lack of affordable higher amount of nanoparticles. Assessing changes in testing time and the performance impact of nanoparticles in removal of cadmium.the results of Cadmium absorption was performed in varying amounts of testing time at room temperature, with an initial concentration of 60 milligrams per liter, a pH value of 7, 0.5 g nano-particles in 100 ml soluble at various times experiments, 60, 45, the 30, 20 and 10 minutes. of the Testing time 10 min to 20 min, the removal efficiency increased to 10% and from 20 minutes to 30 minutes, the removal efficiency increased only 3%. Assessing various amounts of Initial soluble concentration and the performance of nanoparticles in the removal of cadmium The results of the cadmium was performed absorption at different values ​​of the concentration of the initial soluble at room temperature, with initial concentrations of 60, 30, 15 and 5 mg l, pH value equal to 7.1, 0.5 grams of nanoparticles per 100 ml of soluble and time-tested 30 minutes. Whatever the soluble concentrations increases, the removal efficiency is reduced so that the maximum absorption of the soluble has happened at a concentration of 5 and 15 mg / L, which is equal to 98%. And in fact the removal efficiency for both samples was the same. As can be seen, the speed of absorption process for all four cases are very close. Assessing Change in settling time and the performance of particles in the removal of cadmium.The results of the cadmium absorption was performed at different times of sedimentation at room temperature, with an initial concentration of 60 milligrams per liter, pH value equal to 7, 0.5 grams of nanoparticles per 100 ml of soluble, test time of 30 minutes and the time of sedimentation 90, 60, 30 and 15 minutes. Eliminated by increasing the retention time increases if the maximum of percent absorption occurs at the retention time of 90 min, With increasing retention time from 15 to 30 minutes increases the percent absorption, but rate of increase is negligible, But in the retention time of 60 to 90 min, the removal efficiency increases to 20%. In this research, it was found that nano-zero valent iron particles are as an appropriate adsorbent for Cadmium reduction. Increasing amount of nano-materials, increases the absorption. Optimal obtained 0.5 gr per 100 ml of solution volume. In the study by Bahrami and his colleagues about removing of Cadmium from aquatic solution by nano-magnetic materials, it has been found that the removal efficiency increases with increasing amount of adsorbent. They concluded that by increasing the amount of adsorbent, the available adsorption sites for better adsorption of cadmium increases. By increasing of pH from 3 to 9, the removal efficiency increases but as it is clear on the diagram, the promotion rate of this efficiency in pH from 7 to 9 is insignificant and only 10% increased. Deposition has an important role in the removal of cadmium ions in the alkaline range. The likelihood of precipitation of metal hydroxides in the pore spaces around the particles is very low, because the adsorption process is faster than the precipitation process. Cadmium removal at pH lower than 7 is mainly controlled by adsorption process and this value at pH greater than 7 is significantly increased by cadmium hydroxide precipitation. In the study by L.V and his colleagues about Chrome removal by nano zero valent iron, it has been found that at pH greater than 7 removal efficiency decreases. At the time of testing, respectively, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min, the removal efficiency increases, but the rate of absorption reduces and the absorption rate is fixed at 30 and 45 minutes. So 30 minutes was considered as the optimal time. In the research by Alqudami and his colleagues about removal of Cadmium and Lead by nano-zero valent iron, it has been found that the best adsorption occurred in 20 minutes. This may be due to the rapid accumulation of nanoparticles which reduce the active surface and thus reduce the absorption capacity. Maximum adsorption by considering the all optimal situation occurred in a 5 mg/L solution. In the research by Bahrami and his colleagues about removing of Cadmium by nano-magnetic materials, it has been found that by increasing the concentration of the solution, removal efficiency decreases. At low concentrations of cadmium, specific surface areas and adsorption sites are more And cadmium ions can interaction by Surface of the adsorbent particles.So, The absorption efficiency increases.

The movement and fate of solutes in the subsurface in affected by a large number of physical, chemical processes requiring a broad array of mathematical and physical sciences to study and describe solute transport. The dispersion is an important parameter in the advection – dispersion equation, which is used in assessing, and solving the problems related to the contamination and the groundwater resources protecting. The study of solute transport in porous media in the small scale (laboratory columns) and the large scale (farm) started since decades ago. In recent years, relevant studies on the physical and chemical phenomena in porous media, such as dispersion, diffusion, anion desorption, adsorption or exchange processes has significantly increased. The characteristics of processes such as transport, advection and diffusion in soil and groundwater flow is essential for predicting and modeling of solute movement in the soil. Researchers in their experiment showed that the small and large scale affected on dispersion and this difference related to length of the scale. Based on their results, the average dispersion (α) was determined 0.8 and 0.87 cm for tritium and chloride tracers in small columns soils respectively, while it was 5 cm in large columns. Evaluation of dispersion coefficient can be used in the different texture and scales, in order to protect and manage of pollutant in groundwater resources and the aquifers. Thus, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of soil texture and sample scale on the dispersion coefficients and the compliance model for predicting solute transport in different laboratory columns. For this purpose, the amount of sodium chloride was measured in the output drainage water in 12 laboratory columns with 4 textures of sandy soil and 50, 80 and 110 cm in length and then the breakthrough curve was drawn. Finally, transport parameters and thrust curve were estimated using the analytical Brigham model and the CXTFIT program through inverse method. Advection–dispersion equation: The advection–dispersion equation (CDE) is one of the models governing solute transport in soil, which is used for non-reactive ions and solutes. In this model, the transition process was governed with the mass flow and diffusion and tow phenomena, including flow velocity in the pores and dispersion coefficient (1) are represented the transmission characteristics. For one-dimensional steady flow equations, it can be written as follows: Where C: the concentration of salt in the liquid phase (M/L3), x: the distance along the flow direction (L), V: the average water pore velocity (M/L) and D: dispersion coefficient (L2/T). In order to analytical solutions of CDE various methods have been proposed that involving partial differential equations based on different boundary conditions and initial values. In this case, there is a column of sand saturated with water and a steady flow of water into the soil column. The tracer with known concentration enters into the soil column and at time t value of the output of the column (C) is measured. Inverse In equation (2) the C value is measured for different values of U, the initial values are assigned to the parameters V, D, and R, theoretical and measured breakthrough curves are drawn, and the error value based on statistical Criterion such as root mean square error is calculated. Then the difference between the measured and simulated sodium chloride breakthrough curves become minimal while the optimal values ​​of the parameters V, D and R are found using an inverse optimization method based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Brigham model: This model developed a graphical method to calculate dispersion coefficient using data from miscible displacements in short laboratory cores. In this model we must Measure C for different various values of U (U is the pore volumes injected). The breakthrough relative concentration, C/Co, was plotted versus [(U-1)/U1/2] on linear probability paper. If the data fit a straight line, then the use of the diffusion equation was validated, and the dispersion coefficient could be calculated from the slope of the line. This model Show that by breaking the flow system into segments in which width was a linear function of distance. Test The 12 samples, including four sandy soil textures (100, 90, 80 and 70 percent blown sand and remain percentage natural sand) and three lengths (50, 80 and 110 cm) were selected and NaCl was used as injection with EC 5.5 mmohs/cm. The salinity of the output drainage water was measured at different intervals. This process was continued until reaching constant concentration in the drained water. Inverse According to results, obtained breakthrough curves are coincided and the delay factor is close to 1 with the increasing percentage of natural sand at different lengths soil columns. The treatment for 110 cm length and 100% blown sandy soil has delay factor 1.805 that is the lower from other ones with different lengths. Delay factor reaches about one in 90% blown sandy soil and 110 cm long and it was not seen in other ones with different lengths. According to results, delay coefficient decreases of 100% blown sandy soil treatment for increasing length. This reduction was seen slight in other treatments. Diffusion coefficient decreases in increasing amounts of natural sand. Due to the length of the samples, many changes over the length can be seen only in 100% blown sandy soil treatment. The average values of the diffusion coefficient are 0.387, 0.276 and 0.496 cm2/min in soil columns with 50, 80 and 110 cm long, respectively. In 100% natural’s sandy soil treatment, the velocity is bigger than the other treatments. The amount of natural sand in soil treatments is more; the difference between velocities in all of the lengths is low. The average velocity is 0.402, 0.397 and 0.344 cm/min in various tissues in lengths of 50, 80 and 110 cm respectively that it changes little. Brigham model: The results show that dispersion coefficient values ​​increase when the length of the sample increased by 80% blown sandy soil, which indicates that dispersion coefficient is dependent the sample length. But this process of texture 100, 90 and 70% sand and lengths of 80 and 110 are correct (table 1), but the dispersion coefficient of the sample greater than 50 cm in length somewhat greater. For samples of the same length and different textures in this study, there is a clear trend. Table 1. The amount of dispersion coefficient, diffusion coefficient and speed of solutes in treatments using Brigham Discussion & Comparing the values ​​obtained for the coefficient of α with the results of other researchers show that the ​​ range varies less than 1 cm, which corresponded to the reported results, except of 100% blown sand texture sample 110 cm in length that 2.868 cm. The results showed that the estimated dispersion coefficient of CXTIFT has changed between 0.524 to 3.282 cm in treatments that was more than the corresponding estimated values ​​with Brigham. Increasing the percentage of sand in the soil and sample length, delay coefficient decreased. In addition, the dispersion coefficient with increasing percentage of natural sand decreases. However, the average value of the dispersion coefficient has not many changes in soil columns with lengths of 50, 80 and 110 cm. The minerals velocity of 100% blown sandy soil was higher than other treatments. The Flow rate of the in the soil treated sand. The amount of natural sand increases, the velocity difference in various lengths will be lower.

Estuaries are very important aquatic systems as they preserve the coastal biota, are considered as a highly dynamic ecotones that include the mixing or transition zone between freshwater saline water and are fairly appropriate places for living a wide variety of fauna and flora. An estuary is a semi- enclosed coastal area where freshwater from rivers and stream mixes with saltwater from the ocean. Estuaries form a very reactive system through which heavy metals pass, as they are transported seawater. Many animal species rely on estuaries for food and as a place to nest and breed. Estuaries are both chemically and physically dynamic ecosystems that, due to their location at the river-sea interface, act as buffer zones between the continent and sea. Thus, it is essential to study carefully and closely the overall geochemical cycle of trace elements during mixing of freshwater with saltwater from seas in estuaries. The chemistry of seawater and freshwater varies greatly. It is essential to find out estuarine process to predict the geochemical behavior of each individual element and its potential effect on different organism as well as the important role of these processes in the chemical mass balance between rivers and seas. It is generally known that, during estuarine mixing, the partitioning of metallic species between solution and suspended particles is governed by two important, contractive and non–biological mechanisms. These mechanisms are desorption of metals from re-suspension riverine particles matter and metal removal through flocculation of humic and fulvic acids-metals complexes. Flocculation process is one of the most important processes that occur in estuary, contributes to the concentration of heavy metals that has long lasting detrimental effects on environment to be on the decline remarkably and plays a vital roole in reducing the pollution load. In the present study, flocculation, adsorption and desorption process of such a wide variety of heavy metals as copper, zinc, nickel, lead and manganese during estuarine mixing of Karganrud River water with Caspian Sea water in relation to the diverse parameters such as pH, salinity, dissolved organic carbon, NO3 and Sodium hypochlorite that is a chemical compound with the formula NaClO is investigated.

The Caspian Sea covers an area of about 371,000 Km2that lies between the Caucasus Mountains andNorthern Iran, is the largest lake all across the world where a huge number of organisms are living and the salinity of Caspian Sea waters converts from 4 ppt in the northern parts to almost 13‰in the southern parts.The Karganrud River has a length of42.5 km with an average annual discharge of about 252×106 m3/year. The catchments area of the river is about 615.4 km2with an average precipitation of 1150 mm.River water and suspended matters were collected in pre-labelled and pre-cleaned 25L polyethylene bucket from the surface of Karganrud River at a point (Ca. 16 km upstream) where ensure no saline water can penetrate the fresh water. On the same day fresh water was filtered through 0.45μm Millipore AP and HA filters. Also, suspended matter sample was dried at 50o C for 29 hours. Approximately 1L of filtered fresh water was acidified with concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) to a pH of 1.8 and kept in polyethylene bottles in a refrigerator prior to the analysis of dissolved trace metals. It should be noted that 5gr of riverine suspended matters was used for metal analysis. Similarly on the same day saline water sample from Caspian Sea was collected approximately 20 km away from the shore where no seawater diluted by river water (salinity = 0.21‰). The flocculation process was conducted by adding appropriate volume of filtered seawater to the constant volume of filtered river water at room temperature in eight proportions yielding salinity of 0.5-3‰. Also, to recognize the effect of NaClO on flocculation of metals, the increasing amounts of NaClO were added to each aquarium in the laboratory condition. The eight mixtures were kept for 24h with occasional stirring. The resulting flocculants were collected through 2.5 cm diameter Millipore membrane filter. Finally, after digestion of the filters, the concentration of metals was determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES). Also, to determine the capacity of adsorption and desorption of metals, the constant volume of fresh water sample was mixed with seawater sample to obtain a series of mixture with various salinity regimes (0.5-3‰). It should be pointed out that 5gr of suspended particle matters (SPM) are added to each aquarium. The eight mixtures were kept for 24 h with occasional stirring. Also, the physicochemical parameters (DOC, NO3, Salinity, pH) of each aquarium were measured prior to the metal analysis. Particulate samples were collected on 0.45μm Wattman filters and the concentration of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn was determined using ICP-AES.. In addition, four-step chemical partition studies were done for any aquarium which adsorption process is observed.Of the existing clustering techniques the weighted pair group (WPG) method described by Davis (1973) was used in this study.

Based on the results, the maximal removal of Cu and Zn occurs between salinities of 0.5-1.5‰. About 36% of Ni removes at the first step of mixing experiment (salinity = 0.21-0.5‰). Nickel shows the minimum flocculation tendency in comparison to copper, zinc, lead and manganese. It can be noticed that Mn undergoes maximum flocculation during mixing experiments. As is presented, the maximal adsorption capacity of all studied metals except for pb, occur between salinities of 0.5-1.5‰. The flocculation rate and maximal adsorption capacity of metals by suspended matters during estuarine mixing are in the following orders, respectively: Mn(94.8%) > Zn(60.04%) >Pb(36.63%) > Cu(30.32%) > Ni(14.84%) and Cu(13.68 mg/kg) > Zn(10.41 mg/kg) > Ni(6.58 mg/kg) >Mn(5.96 mg/kg) >Pb(0.146 mg/kg). In the present study, Cu shows maximum adsorption capacity between all studied metals. Based on results, the concentration of NO3 decrease with an increase in salinity in the area of study. The concentration of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the fresh river water was about 1.92 mg/L that increased to 22.34 mg/L at a salinity of 3‰. Such an increase is indication of a marine origin in the estuarine zone. Cluster analysis shows that Mn, salinity, DOC and NaClO joined together with high similarity coefficient indicating flocculation of Mn is governed by NaClO, salinity and DOC. In the present study, pH doesn’t play any role on flocculation and adsorption processes of studied metals (Figure 1). Also, based on cluster, it can be inferred that adsorption rate of Mn, Zn and Cu is controlled by NO3. According to the chemical sequential exraction it can be noted that approximately 25% of the total heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn) contents were in the form of sulfide ions.

In this study, flocculation, adsorption and desorption processes of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and manganese during mixing of Karganrud River water with Caspian Sea water at a wide variety of salinities from 0.5 to 3 ppt were investigated. The highest percentage of flocculation observed for manganese in comparison with copper, zinc, nickel andlead. Also, Pb showed desorption behavior from suspended particulate matter during estuarine mixing. It can be clearly seen that the Maximum adsorption capacity belongs to Cu compared with other studied metals. Among studied physicochemical parameters of mixing samples, DOC shows a linearity increasing behavior toward salinity. Based on the cluster analysisthe flocculation process of Zn, Cu and to lower extent Ni is controlled by NO3. On the other hand, the flocculation process of Mn is mainly controlled by NaClO. According to the chemical partitioning study it should be noted that about 63% of concentration of adsorbed Cu found in carbonate fractions. Generally, the highest percent of metal contents found in sulfide and carbonate compounds. The flocculation and adsorption rate of studied metals showed that overall colloidal metal pollution loads can significantly be reduced by various percentiles at different salinity regimes. This not only states the importance of these processes in natural self-purification of estuarine ecosystems, but also shows the ecological importance of the estuarine process. Future investigations should focus on the role of seawater in the treatment of trace metals during industrial wastewater purification.

Sulfur dioxide has been widely studied among the human- made pollutants. Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health. The less air pollution, the better the cardiovascular and respiratory health of the population will be, both long- and short-term. several studies have demonstrated relation between on short and long term effects exposure to air pollutants with human health. The exposure to sulfur dioxide is extremely risky for people health because these compounds enter the circulatory system directly through the airways. Sulfur dioxide can be absorbed into your body through your nose and lungs. The most important effects of sulfur dioxide air pollution include: increase rates hospital admissions, asthma attacks, cardiopulmonary disease, death and number of the years of life lost. Sulfur dioxide can be dangerous to the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs and can also lead to irritation of eyes. Ahvaz as the center of east khouzestan province in southwest of Iran is a one of the most populated and polluted cities. Ahvaz city, with a population of 1 million approximately, with an area of 8152 square kilometers, the capital city of Khuzestan Province is located between 48 degree to 49°29′ east of Greenwich meridian and between 31 degrees and 45 minutes to the north of the equator. Ahvaz is located in an arid area in south west of Iran with long and hot summertime. Temperature reaches to 50 degree of centigrade on June and July. Keep in mind, high density of industries (steel, oil and gas) makes Ahvaz as one of most important emitter. With the rapid economic growth in Ahvaz, the level of air pollution from both motor vehicles and industrial emissions has drastically increased. Furthermore, health effect of air pollution in terms of Sulfur dioxide, ozone and particulate matter in most of megacities particularly Ahvaz was reported. This research aims to estimate the health effects (total of death, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality) related to Sulfur dioxide pollutant in 2011. In this retrospective study, was used to assess the potential effects of Sulfur dioxide exposure on human health in Ahvaz city (located in south-western Iran) during year 2011.The concentration of Sulfur dioxide pollutant was measured in 2011 in four stations in Ahvaz. The most important part of analysis is data processing that encompasses modification of temperature and pressure, primary processing (the deletion, spreadsheet and synchronization), secondary processing (writing code and condition correction), formulation and filtering. Finally, Estimate of health effects related to Sulfur dioxide pollutant in the cur of Ahvaz. We calculated health effects related to Sulfur dioxide by AirQ2.2.3 based on the utilizing relative risk, attributable proportion and baseline incidence from WHO data. This model includes four screen inputs (Supplier, AQ data, Location, Parameter) and two output screens (Table and Graph). For estimated of health impact attributable to the exposure of air pollution on the target population using AirQ model, that estimate the this impacts to specific air pollutants on a resident population in a certain area and period. The primary and secondary standard of sulfur dioxide according to national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) 24-hour is 150 µg/m3. Table 1 shows that annual mean of sulfur dioxide in Ahvaz was 157/5 µg/m3 in 2011 which is higher than WHO air quality guidelines and also much higher than NAAQS values. In view of sulfur dioxide concentrations, Mohitzist and Havashenasi were the highest and the lowest stations during this year. The yearly average, summer mean, winter mean and 98 percentile of sulfur dioxide concentrations in these stations has presented in table 1. Sum of total numbers of death attributed to Sulfur dioxide was 194 cases and number of cardiovascular of death in centerline relative risk was 156 cases that 67 percent of them happened when the Sulfur dioxide concentration was less than 90 μg/m3. Relative risk and estimated Attributable Proportion percentage for total numbers of death, cardiovascular of death, respiratory mortality and myocardial infarction were calculated in table 2. Baseline incidence (BI) for this health effect for Sulfur dioxide were 1013, 497, 66, 132 and per 105 so total numbers of death were calculate 194 (RR=1.0040 and AP=1. 7265%), the number of cardiovascular mortality were calculate 156 (RR=1.0080 and AP=3. 3216%), the number of Respiratory mortality were calculate 25 (RR=1.010 and AP=4. 0236%) and the number of myocardial infarction were calculate 33 (RR=1.0064 and AP=2. 8652%) at centerline of relative risk. Also, based on the results of this study, we found that in Ahvaz number of respiratory mortality attributed to Sulfur dioxide were 25 cases and number of myocardial infarction in centerline relative risk was 33 cases that 46 percent of them happened when the Sulfur dioxide concentration was less than 60 μg/m3 in Ahvaz city during 2011. In this study, we estimate total numbers of death, cardiovascular of death, respiratory mortality and myocardial infarction were associated with short and long term fluctuations in concentrations of Sulfur dioxide pollutant in people, using AirQ model in Ahvaz, Iran. In similar work Gudarzi et al In 2009 estimate the Sulfur dioxide hygienic effects in Tehran (capital of Iran). Based on their results, almost 7.82 and 3.6 percent of all cases of whole Respiratory deaths and Hospital Admissions Respiratory Disease are attributed to Sulfur dioxide. In another study Mohamadi et al In 2009 calculated health effects air pollutants in Ahvaz. Based on their results, approximately 4.03 percent of total Respiratory deaths and 1.8 percent Hospital Admissions Respiratory Diseaserelated to Sulfur dioxide. Zalaghi et al In 2010 Survey of health effects of air pollution Ahvaz, Bushehr and Kermanshah. Based on their results, approximately 4.4 percent in Ahvaz, 8.64 percent in Kermanshah and 3.33 percent of total Respiratory deaths attributed to Sulfur dioxide. According to the present research findings and the relieving effects of potential total numbers of death, cardiovascular of death, respiratory mortality and myocardial infarction of Sulfur dioxide exposure on human health in Ahvaz city (located in south-western Iran) during year 2011. Results show that approximately Ahvaz with 5 percent is one of the most polluted cities. The analysis of statistics and comparison of mean and maximum concentration of Sulfur dioxide in four stations in Ahvaz during 24 hrs with air pollution index show that the higher percentage of deaths perhaps could be the result of higher average Sulfur dioxide or because of sustained high concentration days in Ahvaz.

Environment is a very great and complexity collection which has been created by a process and evolution of live existences and composer elements of ground area, and so affect the human activities and is affected from that. Industrialization and modernization has let lots of heavy elements to entire into the atmosphere. Elements of the atmosphere will locate on the surface of soil and plants as dry or wet deposit, lastly. Heavy metals usage in industry and necessity of some of them, for influence in some physiologic activities for plants and animals, are different directions that more information from them seems important in environment With attention to the fact that plants are capable to absorb some pollutants by using their air organs especially leaves and reserve in themselves, so biomonitoring through plants is a useful way for approximating pollutants. Shiraz city is one of populated cities that involves air pollution. Due to the position of the city between two head Zagros Mountains, high population growth and also increasing pollutant quantity and quality it seems that the pollution problem has the creasing trend in time. The objective of the present study is to estimate the air pollution tensity for some heavy metals as cu, cd and pb in high traffic points of shiraz city by using fraxinus and platanus as nonactive biomonitors. Matherial and Methods Study area: In the study, four green spaces in different traffic points were selected as stations to determine heavy metal concentration of trees in Shiraz city. Then, the samples of leaf and bark of fraxinus and platanus which were common in the stations as studied tree samples were selected in two time June and September. Sampling, preparing and analyze of plant samples In each station, sampling from leaf and bark of tree was done in three repeat accidentally and two combination. Plant samples were first dried on clean paper plates and then all leaf and bark samples were dried in 60˚c, for 72 hours. The samples were became powder by mill and prepared for acid digestion tests. Lead and copper concentration in samples were measured by using atomic absorption device. Discussion of The density of cadmium in all samples was less then device diagnosis. Average concentration of heavy metals (pb, cu) in washed and unwashed leafs of fraxinus and platanus plants in different stations is brought in tables 1and 2. Although different stations show different amount of elements, but results show that is not a significant difference between for metal pb in washed and unwashed samples. Copper and lead concentration in leaf and bark of fraxinus tree in different stations and times brought in table 3. Maximum density of lead in leaf and bark of platanus tree in September was observed 2.80 and 4.16 µgg -1 respectively and for copper was 18.27 and 7.85 µgg -1. This amount for lead in leaf and bark of fraxinus tree was computed 1.79 and 3.50 µgg -1 in September respectively and for copper was 14.43 (September) and 7.95 (June) µgg -1 (Table 4). Maximum density of lead and copper in bark of fraxinus in Azadi station (with high traffic) was 10 and 11.14 respectively and for platanus was 4.33 and 15.58 µgg -1, although minimum amount for each metal and tree was observed in Golestan station as witness zone. The amount of absorbed lead and copper by leaf and bark in platanus sample is more than farxinus. This difference can be due to age of platanus samples respect to fraxinus that Haghighate khadem (1370) confirm it. Lead and copper concentration in leaf of the study trees is significantly lower in stations with low traffic (Golestan and Kholdebarin) than stations with high traffic as Azadi Park and Valiasr. The same results were also reported by Sawidis et al (1995). The most important lead pollution of tree leafs specially in cities is because of vehicles traffic. Copper concentration statistically is significantly higher in unwashed leafs than washed leafs in both trees. Heavy metals concentration in barks is more than leafs of the same tree. Generally lead and copper elements data in bark of platanus and fraxinus studied in Shiraz city show that they are very lower than the studies done by El-Hassan et al (2002) and standard given in this study. The present study showed that difference between lead and copper elements density in stations 1 and 2 with 3 and 4 in tree leaves and barks is because of heavy traffic in these zones. Urban development and industrial and commercial activities in city centers is the main source of many heavy metals pollution. However, both indicator species are suitable for comparative studies on bioindication of urban air pollution.

The lead is considered as one of the most toxic heavy metals in Environment Organizations of industrial and developing countries. Therefore, refining of soil and water contaminated to this element is from most important environmental policies of this countries. Lead metal is unnecessary for the body, so that trace amount in the body, indicating contamination with this element. Lead substitute for calcium in the cells and disrupt the activities of the body. Also cause liver and kidney dysfunction, genital organs and reproductive system, anemia, loss of intelligence interest and occurrence of the metabolic complications. Remove and control pollution of heavy metals is very difficult due to their multiple and different sources of pollutions. Because each pollutant requires its refining process. Until now, different methods have been developed for the purification of sewage including the chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis and ion exchange of organic. Each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages.Moreover, Phytoremediation is as the optimal method of biological for the removal of pollutants form water and soil. The phytoremediation is physiological potential of the green plants (variety of weeds, aquatic and marsh plants, crops and trees) for the control and absorption of organic and inorganic pollutants of wastewater along with other treatment methods. In other words, phytoremediation is a technique for the using of plants to control and clean up pollution species such as metals, pesticides, oils, etc. In this method, different species of plants can be considered as biological filters and play main role in the elimination of environmental pollutants. Some heavy metals such as lead and cadmium can be accumulated in leaves or branches. In general plants are employed the five main processes to clean up the environment including phytoextraction, phytodegradation, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization and rhizofiltration that containing accumulation of the nutrients and heavy metals in the plant roots and rhizomes. Materials and methodsProject preparation and cultivation of plants: In order to implement this study, plastic pots prepared with 60 cm in diameter and 40 cm in height. Therefore from sand with grains diameter 1 to 5 mm and a depth 30 cm was used as the growth bed in pots that after preparing the pots and planting, were placed with a suitable interval each other. Plants species seleceted including Phragmites, Thypha and Bermudagrass based on their abundance in the region. Young plant samples were collected from margin of Dez river and immediately were transferred to the site of the research in experimental field of Islamic Azad University of Dezful. After preparing of bed and adding nutrients to the cultivation medium, each pot was randomly assigned to a treatment in three replicates. The youngest seedlings were selected for the cultivation in each medium sample. Three plants were cultivated at regular interval with the minimum distance 5 cm from the container wall and at a depth 10 cm (density of 25 plants per square meter) after washing of seedlings with water. After preparing the pots and planting, the desired species were irrigated with the common water in 40 days because irrigation with synthetic wastewater in the early stages of cultivation caused stress to the plant due to lack of root stability and compatibility with the new culture medium. So after elapsing of this period, irrigation is performed with simulated wastewater in different concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg lead/l. Results showed that significant different was observed at 5% level between the mean square of lead accumulation in ground organs of studied species with low-level concentrations of wastewater. Therefore ground organs of studied species in the treatment of low levels of lead had a significant effect on the lead accumulation. Additionally, comparasion of the means by Duncan test was performed for the levels of lead concentration using SPSS18 software. The mean accumulation of lead in under-ground organs of Bermudagrass, Reed and Typha was measured respectively 0.106, 0.179 and 0.096 mg/g in low-level concentrations of wastewater (Table1).The results showed that the difference between the mean of accumulation in the three species was significant at the 5% level. The maximum accumulated amount was in the root of Reed and the lowest amount also was in the root of Bermudagrass. Comparison of the squared means of the lead accumulation in above-ground organs showed that difference of the means was not significant at the 1% level in low-level concentration of wastewater. Interaction plants and concentration levels on the bioaccumulation and translocation factor The results showed that there was a significant difference at 5% level according to analysis of variance, between the mean square of lead accumulation in different treatments,. Therefore air and ground organs of different species and different levels of concentration had significant interaction at 5% level on the lead accumulation. The highest accumulation of lead in the ground organs of Reed in the treatment of high level of lead with concentration of 0.544 mg/g. Lowest value found was in Typha and in the treatment of low level of lead with concentration of 0.096 mg/g. The highest accumulation of lead in the above organs of Typha in the treatment of high level of lead with concentration of 0.164 mg/gr. Lowest value found in Reed and in the treatment of low level of lead with concentration of 0.028 mg/g. The results also showed that the ground organs of Reed by more biomass than the other two species had a higher potential for the lead accumulation. The results also showed the highest accumulation of above-ground organs was in Typha due to more absorption of water and minerals in the aerial parts. In addition, the index of translocation factor is also calculated which expresses the ratio of accumulation of root to shoot. The results indicated translocation factor in the Bermudagrass, Reed and Typha was 1.7, 5.5 and 2.2, respectively. Therefore, the main mechanisms of phytoremediation in Reed was mainly as rhizofiltration whereas in Typha and Bermudagrass were as rhizofiltration and phytoextraction. According to the study, Reed tends to the lead accumulation in the root and rhizome at low concentration levels whereas it used from all its capacities especially in the above-ground organs with the increasing concentration levels of wastewater.

The automotive industry is one of the largest industries in the world, which is also very important in our country.According to the World Bank, the automotive industry can be classified as the projects that have environmental impacts. Therefore, the review and analysis of the environmental impacts is conducted to identify the significant effects of pollution caused by the activities of the operation phase, propose reasonable solutions to minimize adverse impacts, and improve the quality of the environment with the aim of ensuring proper and correct implementation of activities in a factory. With its approximate area of 50 hectares including production, warehouse and building spaces, Iran Khodro Diesel Factory is located at 51 degrees, 81 minutes east and 35 degrees, 37 minutes north, 8 kilometers away from Savehroud, eastern north of Chahardongeh City, one of Islamshar City’s towns. Weve placed the production of all kinds of trucks, buses, minibuses and vans with different uses on the agenda; and using the capabilities of more than 5000 efficient workforce in advanced production lines, paint lines, and the active departments of quality, education, engineering, etc, we expect to be able to make the name of Iran proud on the boundaries of domestic and foreign markets with high quality products. To analyze the impacts of the factory’s area, the Delphi method was used, in which the questionnaire of the first phase was prepared by the research team.After the questionnaire was developed and finally amended, a Delphi 14-member group was formed, which includes seven environmental specialists and five senior safety experts from the factory, and two environmental specialists of Islam Shahr’s Environmental Protection Agency. Then, the questionnaire of the first phase was distributed among them. The main parameters affecting water, air, noise and particulate matter were identified, and then the experts were asked to rank the impacts of all indicators on the whole environment, the biological environment and the health of individuals, and to express their opinions about its environmental impacts. As the intended indicators have large dispersion, Entropy method was used to weight the indicators. This method shows the amount of system information that is reflected by the criteria and the extent of uncertainty of the criteria.In other stages of the analysis, all 14 questionnaires were firstly combined together by using the geometric mean, and then a final matrix of 20 columns (indicators) and three rows (environments) was obtained, which is referred to as decision matrix (matrix D).The three environments were prioritized using the LINMAP method. ResultsAnalysis and prioritization of indicatorsbased on Entropy The studied indicators were analyzed and prioritized using Entropy method, according to which for indicators of water pollution, washing baths weighed 0.318 had the first priority and importance; and in the department of stain removal, it allocated to itself the last priority of water pollution with the weight of 0.044, due to less use of chemicals.The results of this method are given in Table (1). Prioritization and analysis of the studied environments based on LINMAP method Finally, as shown in Table (2), this result was obtained that the chemical and physical environment has the first priority with a weight of 0.6, and then the biological environment is in the second rank with a weight of 0.38; and social, economic, and cultural environment in the final ranking with a weight of 0.1. Chardange town is one of the regions which is affected by the population increase and changing the agricultural applications to other applications and sectors such as industry. The distribution and dispersion of the industrial organizations and complexes in different areas of this town and their locations inside the residential urban regions or around the populated and crowded regions, leads to many environmental effects and results and consequences, and one of these industrial complexes is Iran Khodro Diesel Company. When we use the evaluation methods, it is important that only one parameter is not taken into account, but the effects of all the parameters and their associated environmental impacts are considered simultaneously.In this study, considering the development of evaluation methods, especially the use of mathematical methods, two Entropy and LINMAP methods - as the latest methods employed used in environmental issues - were used for weighting and prioritization of the environmental parameters and the three affected environments.As each of the above indicators have a relative importance, the weights of the indicators were obtained using the Shannon's Entropy method, in order to show the results of the prioritization in more accurate manner; and to prioritize the options, the LINMAP method was used because of its ability to simultaneously weigh and prioritize indicators. Finally, this result was obtained that the most important solution to reduce the identified impacts is the creation of an environmental management system based on cleaner production, including the continuous use of a comprehensive environmental strategy for the prevention of pollution in processes, products and services, in order to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment.There are three-month periods of monitoring, in which the trusted lab of the factory and the Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for control activities.Environment and HSE Department of the factory is responsible for monitoring and reporting. In Table (3) the most important environmental effects of the Factory and the plans and activities in order to decreases these bad effects are summarized. The period of these studies and evaluations is a 3-month period and they include the control activities of a reliable laboratory and the Environment Protection Organization. The responsible body for delivering the reports is the environmental sector and HSE of the factory.

Today, climate change is one of the most important scientific and even the political – social issues. The causes of climate change can be divided into natural and human‌-‌made. Natural factors have the long-term performance and long history, such as the cycle of solar activity, dusts and gases of volcanic eruptions, geodetic and static agents and etc. Human-made factors was mainly formed and accelerated in recent decades resulted from human activities such as industrial, agricultural, land-‌use changes, and in special emissions of greenhouse gases. Increasing trends in emissions resulted from various causes, especially due to the consumption of fossil fuels and industrial activities was very so fast that temperature changes in current decades is equal to resulted natural changes of mean temperature in many centuries. On the other hand increase of average global temperature will lead to changes in the amount, type and pattern of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation. Changes in precipitation and temperature amounts in different geographical areas with different intensity as important inputs of systematic nature of environment, means that there is a period of rapid environmental changes, and therefore the severe consequences for human manipulation of the natural system will be expected. More governments and policy-makers interest to focuses on short-term phenomena and effects of climate change, for example drought, flood, frost and etc. But the long-term effects of climate change caused by slow mechanisms and are non-visible, less monitored by the governments. Climate is the most important factor in determining of plants distribution and their properties so that most of climatic divisions in the past has been based on the type of vegetation. Any changes in the components of the climate will affect the ecosystems, displacing the border of ecosystems and different biomes and will disrupt the existing environmental equilibriums. In this paper the impacts of global warming on biological zones in central parts of the Iran have been studied. The study area consists of a limited corners between cities of Khoramabad (48°.17' East 33°.26' North), Kashan (51°.27' East 33°.59' North), Yazd (54°.17' East 31°.54' North) and Yasooj (51°.41' East 30°.50' North). This area was chosen due to the wide range of temperature and precipitation and also variety of biological zone in it. In this study, the Holdridge model was used to determine the areas of biological zone(Fig.‌1). By using three climatic parameters such as annual precipitation, annual ratio evapotranspiration and bio-temperature, Holdridge has prepared the biological zones in form of a chart. Base on Holdridge classification, the biological zones is divided into 16 areas of various zones. The bio-temperature is the measure of necessary heat which is utilized in the biological zones. The bio-temperature mean is an average with unit of Celsius (C°) at which vegetations growth takes place in annual period. The range of temperatures within which vegetations growth occurs, is estimated to lie between 0° C as minimum and 30° C as a maximum. As far as possible, positive temperatures in the range must be averaged for the all years of period. A more accurate mean annual bio-temperature is obtained by adding up the daily bio-temperatues and dividing that sum by 365 or totals days of year. Also bio-temperature may be obtained by summing up the positive monthly temperature means and dividing by 12, the number of months in year. Evapotranspiration and annual precipitation form another sides of Holdridge's triangle of biological zones. Above parameters have appropriate sufficient to determine of biological zones. In this study, we have used the 22 synoptic stations. Due to deficit of stations with sufficient data in the study area, the data of some neighboring stations has also been used. Two common scenarios A2 and B2, and four atmospheric general circulation models including UKHADCM3, ECHO-G, GISS-EH, and GFDLCM20 was used for temperature and precipitation prediction. Scenario of A2 that focused on the local nature, leads to an increase in population. Thus, economic and technological development in this scenario is slower and more incomplete than other scenarios. As a result, this scenario predict the highest greenhouse gases emissions. Then, according to this scenario, the Earth's average temperature increase between 2.‌1° to 4.2‌° C until 2100. While the B2 scenario describes a world with greatest emphasis on local and regional strategies on sustainable economic, social and ecological issues. This scenario predicts a steady growth in population of the global and moderate economic development. According to this scenario, the Earth's average temperature increases by 2100 between 1.5‌° to 3.1‌° C. This four general circulation models of the most widely used for forecasting climate in Iran and other countries in many cases. In addition, the data that simulated by these models for observed data have shown better correlations than the other models. The model of MAGICC SCENGEN was used to prediction temperature and precipitation under global warming conditions. This model is a hybrid model and a model for the assessment of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions. MAGICC SCENGEN is not a GCM model, this model combines the results of the scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions that defined in the MAGICC model and GCM results that defined in the SCENGEN model to assess the impact of these scenarios and models on different parts of the world. This hybrid model, including software that both SCENGEN and MAGICC models have been merged. The version of 5.3 this Model, include 49 variety emission scenarios, optimistic, pessimistic, moderate and their subdivisions and also include 20 general circulation model. According to the resolution 2.5×‌2.5 degree of this model, the study area is divided into six sub-zones and representative stations in each zone were determined and then above-mentioned scenarios and models were selected. Monthly temperature and annual rainfall of this zone for the years 2050, 2075 and 2100 was calculated. And these changes were applied to the stations that located in each zones. Discussion of To determine the biological zones according to the Holdridge model, two climatic parameter of monthly bio-temperature and annual precipitation was used. Initially for these subject the holdridge method was used by using 22 synoptic stations mean monthly temperature for recent years (2000-1980) and future decades namely:‌ 2050, 2075 and 2100. Then by using of the IDW in geographical information system, GIS, zoning of bio-temperature and precipitation was done. By using GIS and two zoning of annual precipitation and bio-temperature and ranges that defined in the holdridge biological zones diagram, biological zoning for study area was performed for the current period and then future period. According to holdridge zoning for the current period, from 16 various biological zone defined by holdridge, seven zones marked in study area. Eastern part of the study area covered by plains of central desert of Iran, but western edge of those plains, desertic conditions severely reduced and there is limited conditions for growth of plants and scrub and according holdridge classification is desert scrub biological zone. The severity of the dryness is extremely reduced in the Zagros Mountainous area. This situation has created by relative increase of precipitation and decrease of temperature, so that east part of the mid-highland of Zagros Mountains is marked by steppe and steppe woodland in holdridge classification. Because of the high frequency of precipitation in the most areas of Zagros Mountains, there are conditions for tree growth and to create of biological zones of wet forests and moist forests. The mean annual precipitation in the highlands of central Zagros Mountain is more than 1400 mm and under this this conditions moist forest biological zone was created. Despite, at lower altitudes annual bio-temperature is approximately equal to this height, because the average annual precipitation is less than 1000 mm, according to the holdridge classified are wet forests biological zone. The results showed that global warming reduce biological zones variety in this area at future so that seven areas of biological zones in today, will be reduce to six areas at future. Biological zones of moist forest and steppe will undergoes most effects by global warming. The whole of moist forest biological zone will be lost at future and wet and dry forests will occupied that area. Also the changes and shifts in the boundaries of biological zones will be significant by the effects of global warming. Developing the desert and desert scrub biological zones to the west of study area is significant. So that the biological zone of desert that covers the areas of Yazd and Naain in the current period and only covers 1430 square kilometers of the study area will have considerably extend to the west. All models show that the borders of the desert and desert scrub biological zones in 2100 will develop an average of 90 to 110 km toward the West. The GISS-EH model showed the most advance of this biological zone in the other models. While the model ECHO-G predict extending of desert and desert scrub less than other models. Also, according to This model, Influence of biological zones that located in the eastern half of central Zagros Mountains is less than the other models. Among this, the UKHADCM3 and GFDLCM20 models showed moderately affection of biological zones than the other two models. In all models, the shift in the biological zones boundaries by optimistic scenario; B2, less than A2 pessimistic scenario. The results of this study showed that the biological zones located in the Zagros Mountains would be affecte from global warming, so that steppe, dry forest, moist and wet forests will be subjected to reduction. More governments and policy-makers interest to focuses on short-term responses of climate change. While the long-term impacts of climate change such as global warming is more important, for example the effects of global warming on the ecosystems, displacing the border of biological zones and biomes. The results of this research show that global warming reduce biological zones variety in study area. Biological zones of wet forest and steppe will encounter with serious impacts by global warming. The whole of moist forest will be lost at future and wet and dry forests put into area and dry forest will be replaced by parts of moist forests. Also this study showed that the biological zones that located in the Zagros Mountains suffered the great impacts from global warming and biological zones of this area, including steppe, dry forest, moist and wet forests will be reduced. extending the borders of desert and desert scrub zones to the west and eastern slopes of the Zagros Mountains will be significant.

Dust haze phenomenon is dust that cover large distance and it originated is of arid and semi-arid area.Environmental effects of dust including dispersion, transport and sediment become is large concerns in early of 1990s. The researches done associated to the frequency of dust days showed that most dust day's frequency is related to central holes of Iran. The main impact of origin sites is created via wind erosion. The Yazd province with more than percent fifty of desert and sand area is located in Yazd – Ardakan plain. Therefore always is exposed to wind erosion and difficult due to it especially dust storms. The critical focuses of wind erosion in Yazd-Ardakan plain is including Sebkha, Kalut & Yardang, Hill, Glacis Epandage Plain and water sediment. In determine of sediment source for the reason that using of traditional methods is very difficult so fingerprinting method pay attention is as appropriate and alternative method based sediment properties. In this method, most important principle is use of chemical, physical and organic properties and Comparethese characteristicswith the samecharacteristicsinsedimentsamples. The method is no many of theproblems oftraditional methods. The main advantages ofthismethod are including high speed, economic and the abilitytoobtaininformationabout the type ofsediment sources andlocation ofsediment sources. Investigation of reference showed that many studies is associated identify of dust source using of fingerprinting but in country there is any study in this case. The aim of this study is determine of falling dust origin using of fingerprinting in Yazd- Iran. Material and Method Study area: Yazd, the largest city in Yazd Province with the latitude as N 31° 53' 50" and longitude as E 54° 22' 3" and population of over 582682 people and approximately within 140 km2. Yazd located in Yazd – Ardakan plain. The climate in this area is arid and semi-arid. Yazd city and Yazd – Ardakan plain are selected for sampling of falling dust and determine of dust origin respectively. Sampling and Chemical analyses: Falling dust samples were collected from 33 different locations almost covering Yazd city area (roofs of buildings with a height 4 meter were selected for the fixing of the dust collectors). The dust particles were sampled using Marble Dust Collector (MDCO) method for six month from January 2012 to June 2013 (winter and spring seasons). The sampling of falling dust source was including Sebkha, Kalut & Yardang, Hill, Glacis Epandage Plain and water sediment of top soil (5cm) by plot (20*20 cm) with 3-8 repeat in Yazd – Ardakan plain. Then ten heavy metals including Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Bi, Zn, Ag, Cd and Se were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Flame Spectrophotometer (Analytic jene-350 model, Germany). Determine the origin using discriminant analysis The each heavy metal ability was investigation in separation of dust source use of statistical analysis such as One - Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0.05) and criteria of strong linear multivariate (Tolerance ≥ 0.1 and VIF≤ 10). Then using of Discriminant analysis was selected the optimal combination of tracers with ability to separation of dust sources. Determination the contribution of dust sources: In new fingerprinting it is assumed combination of tracer proprieties is linear. Therefore can be wrote combination model for each of tracer specifications according equation (1). The results of table 1 showed to added each element was unchanged Cumulative percentage but wilks Lambda was declined and Significant level was better therefore was increased separation ability between groups. The power of detection function is evaluated with results ofthe audit functioncanonical (Table 2). To determine the roleof each of theresourcesfallingdust using theresults of thedetection function is in the function average concentrationof heavy metalsinthe monthwasin the function.The results are showed most likelybelongingtodust is associated to Sebkha in the six months.Therefore most contribution of falling dust of originsuburbanarea is Sebkha in Yazd – Ardakan plain. The best result was obtained of scenario with two groups including Sebkha - Kalut & Yardang and Hill - Glacis Epandage Plain. Therefore were defined discriminate analysis based on the scenario. The sources contribution in sediment production: The according to mixed multivariate model was obtained sources contribution 99.9 and 0.1 percent respectively. Therefore major contribution of falling dust is related to Sebkha and Kalut & Yardang. The results of minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals are indicative the best portion for falling dust sources. The results showed portion of groups for production of falling dust are 100 and 0 percent respectively. These results almost are corresponded with results of mixed multivariate model. The assessments of this model showed percent of the relative error are between 0.0001-3.41 for all samples. The coefficient of performance model variable is between 0.71 – 0.99 for samples. Most occurrences of severe sand storms and wind with speeds that is more than 100 km/h are mainly severe in February to June and it events sometimes the black storms and thick clouds of dusts in Yazd Province, so it selected winter and spring seasons for research. The investigation of low relative error and high coefficient of performance model is indicating the accuracy and performance of model. The results of this model are in agreement with field observation completely. The high sensitive of Sebkha and Kalut against the wind and fine soil in this area are indicating major role this area in production of falling dust. The results of investing wind erosion in faces of Yazd – Ardakan plain is showed Sebkha and Kalut – Yardang among other of faces are the highestshare in production of falling dust because Sebkha are Crustofclay–salt therefore due tohighsalinity andsodiumishighly sensitivetoerosion and The soilof thislandisa sensitive andhighly susceptible to erosion. The Neogene hills are thehigherresistance againstwind erosion because they cover ispebblesand rubble. The researchin case of wind erosion in Yazd – Ardakan plain showed area involving Sebkha and Kalut despite the slight area than other area is highest proportion in wind erosion and production of dust.

The erroneous move towards the modern lifestyles has led to uncontrolled population growth, urbanization, disorderly expansion of cities to natural habitats and ecosystems, destruction of traditional rural communities and farm lands, indiscriminate utilization and destruction of natural resources, growth of air pollution and environment in large cities. On the other hand, the problems of environmental pollutions and exhaustion of energy resources have long been considered as one of the main issues of societies and the utilization of clean and natural solar energy has been introduced as a substantial approach to resolve this issue. Today, one of the important aspects of sustainable development is environmental considerations of which the appropriate use of energy sources is a significant part. It is clear that offering energy consumption patterns and higher utilization of renewable resources can be useful in this regard. As defined, sustainable development of energy includes policies, selection and exploitation of technologies which supply the energy needed for all demands while they contain the minimum expenses in terms of price, environmental and social impacts. Today, the role of energy in world economy indicates the significance of the energy issue more than ever before. In this regard, development and expansion of theories and uses of energy leads to the attainment of new methods for adjusting the issues of energy and environment. The amount of solar energy intake at one point on the earth’s surface depends on various factors including: latitude, longitude, the sundial, humidity, evaporation, air temperature, angle of the sun, and other factors. The amount of solar radiation received by the top of the atmosphere is a function of latitude. After reaching the earth’s atmosphere, some of these solar radiations would be destroyed due to the atmospheric diffusion and absorption phenomena and this amount would increase when the sky is cloudy or when there are more particles in the air. Knowing the amount of solar radiation in each area has a great significance for many practical issues such as evaporation, transpiration, architectural design, agricultural crop growth models, etc. However, despite the importance of measuring these parameters, due to economical problems, the right tools and equipment for measuring radiation are not available in all regions, as is the case with other meteorological parameters such as temperature and rain and it has to be somehow estimated. Consequently, the need for the researchers’ inclination to utilizing radiation models has increased. This study is an endeavor to model and calculate the amount of solar energy intake in Isfahan Province by using the new research approaches based on the r.sun model. Isfahan province is located between latitudes 30° 43´ to 34° 27´ North and longitudes 49° 36´ to 55° 31´ East and covers an area of 107017 square kilometers, equivalent to 0.5% of the total Iran country territory by having 23 cities, 106 towns and 126 villages. Because of the number of major industrial workshop and industries and industrial estates, Esfahan is one of the most important industrial centers in Iran. All factors above have caused high consumption for electricity power in this province. This province is one of the arid and semi-arid regions of the country generally in term of climate. In this study, the GRASS geographic information system, or GIS was applied for modeling solar radiation, taking into consideration the diversity of different modeling algorithms. To this end, the r.sun rule as one of the location models of solar energy was used and analyzed. R.sun computes beam (direct), diffuse and ground reflected solar irradiation raster maps for given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. Solar parameters (e.g. time of sunrise and sunset, declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are stored in the resultant map's history files. Alternatively, the local time can be specified to compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated. This can be done either by calculating the shadowing effect directly from the digital elevation model or using rasters of the horizon height which is much faster. The solar geometry of the model is based on the works of Krcho, later improved by Jenco. The equations describing Sun – Earth position as well as an interaction of the solar radiation with atmosphere were originally based on the formulas suggested by Kitler and Mikler. This component was considerably updated by the results and suggestions of the working group co-ordinated by Scharmer and Greif (this algorithm might be replaced by SOLPOS algorithm-library included in GRASS within r.sunmask command). The model computes all three components of global radiation (beam, diffuse and reflected) for the clear sky conditions, i.e. not taking into consideration the spatial and temporal variation of clouds. The extent and spatial resolution of the modelled area, as well as integration over time, are limited only by the memory and data storage resources. The model is built to fulfil user needs in various fields of science (hydrology, climatology, ecology and environmental sciences, photovoltaic, engineering, etc.) for continental, regional up to the landscape scales. As an option the model considers a shadowing effect of the local topography. The r.sun program works in two modes. In the first mode it calculates for the set local time a solar incidence angle [degrees] and solar irradiance values [W.m-2]. In the second mode daily sums of solar radiation [Wh.m-2.day-1] are computed within a set day. By a scripting the two modes can be used separately or in a combination to provide estimates for any desired time interval. The model accounts for sky obstruction by local relief features. Several solar parameters are saved in the resultant map's history files, which may be viewed with the r.info command. Discussion and According to the outcomes, northern and north-eastern parts of the province and the southern parts as well, contain the most sundials; the north-eastern parts also have the least sundials. Maximum hour of receiving sunshine in the province is 3392 hours and the least is 2918 hours (Fig 1). The analyses obtained from modeling also confirm the high potential of the region in receiving solar energy. Isfahan province naturally possesses a great potential and good share in receiving solar energy since it is mainly situated in the angle between 46 and 67 degrees (Fig 2). The highest reflection irradiance of Isfahan province is assessed as 1194 and the lowest is 40 watts per square meter (Fig 3). Most of Isfahan’s zones have the average level and receive an amount between 600 and 1000 watts per square meter. The important point in this research is that highlands, i.e. mountain peaks have the most irradiance. Namely, 90 degree angles receive the irradiance higher than 1000 watts per square meter. Generally speaking, the region’s condition in terms of receiving solar energy can be assessed as adequate. Based on the results, the number of sunshine hours is with a gentle slope that represents the damping of the area sundial. The area is in a balanced state in term of mean radiation. Irradiance reflection map from the surface shows that observed fluctuations are variant due to topographic lines and area altitude; and the higher the altitude the more slope with a larger number. Moreover, radiance angle has constant changes that are directly associated with total solar irradiance changes. Generally, the area situation can be assessed as suitable for investments and the utilization of energy in terms of most solar energy parameters and its received energy. Solar energy is an essential parameter in various models related to energy in industries, landscaping, vegetation, evaporation and transpiration, snowmelt, and or remote sensing. Maps of solar radiation angles can be useful in correcting radiometric and topography of mountainous and hilly regions. Moreover, the outcomes of this study can be cited as one of the most significant criteria of the region’s potential to organize and plan the utilization of solar energy. All in all, the innate potential of the region has made Isfahan province capable of developing solar power plants and establishing solar panels in order to exploit solar energy. In addition, to improve the researches in this field, we propose further study on energy zoning and locating potential zones for establishing solar power plants in the province, such that we can see the sustainable development of energy in the region and utilization of clean and renewable solar energies.

Capability evaluation can be considered as a basic strategy for land use becausethe development synchronous with the naturecan be achieved by using identifying and assessing of the ecological characteristics of the area. Agricultural land suitability classification based on indigenous knowledge is vital to land-use planning (ecological capacity evaluation). Execution of development and creation of appropriate points for agriculture land usewithoutconsidering ecological capability will result in the appearance of several environmental, economic andsocial problems. In the agricultural sector, goals for sustainability generallyinclude the maintenance or enhancement of the naturalenvironment, provision of human food needs, economicviability, and social welfare. Sincethat agriculture has enormous environmental impacts on peri-urban regions, it is necessary to evaluate agriculture land use. Therefore, agriculturalland suitability analysis is a prerequisite to achieve optimum utilisation of the available land resources for sustainable agricultural production. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the arable land suitability using the decision making models such as analytic network process (ANP) and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Analysis (FAHP CHANG). In this paper, we determine agricultural land suitability classifications using case spatial data sets from Behbahannorth Plain. Matherial and

This research was done in framework of the ecological model and multicriteria decision making methods such as DEMATEL, ANP, FAHPCHANG by using Arc GIS 10, Excel 2013, Super Decision 2.0.8, MATLAB 7.11.0, Surfer11 soft wares and with the aim of choosing the suitable locations for agriculture land use in Behbahan north plain.The present study is based on theecologicalparameters(physical andbiological) to assess theecological capability of agriculture landuse including physiographic(percent slope) (So), precipitation(Cp),temperature(Ct),distance fromwater sources(Wc),soil depth(Pd),soil erosion(Es),soil structure(Ps), soil texture(Pte),soil drainage(Pdr)andvegetation types(Vgo).DEMATEL isa comprehensive method for building and analyzing structural model involving causal relationships betweencomplex factors.ANP is based on the creation of a control network which describes dependency among decision elements.InFuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Analysis method, Forpairedcomparisonsof criteria and forgaining weightandpreference use Triangular fuzzy numbers and Geometricaveragingmethod Respectively.In order to integrate layers Simple Additive Weighting or Weighted linear combination method (SAW) Was used. The study area is located in Behbahan north plain. This area is limited in 30°, 36' to 30°, 37' north of latitude and 50°, 19' to 50°, 29' east longitude. Discussion of

Analyzing the criteria objectively involved using specific GIS techniques to break the analysis down into quantifiable measurements. From the available 10 m interval contour map of the study area in ArcGIS, a contour Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated from which a grid DEM was derived and the slope data was obtained. The reclassify tool was then used to reclassify all the variable data sets by Iranian ecological model. It is favourable to usethe DEMATEL to handle the problem of inner dependences, since it can provide more valuableinformation for decision-making. For example, from the causal table (r + c and r – c matrix) it can be directly and visibly seen that the most important criterion is slope (Table 1). This study also shows that using DEMATEL tonormalize the unweighted super matrix in the ANP procedure is more reasonable thanusing the assumption of equal weight in each cluster (Table 2).Using FAHP and paired comparisons were done by experts, the weight of each of the evaluation criteria and sub-criteria affecting agriculture can be calculated using Matlab softwareFuzzy evaluation criteria of ecological agriculture is shown in (Table 3). In final, total digital layers were integrated using the simple additive weighting method and evaluated each alternative. Based onthezoningmap by ANP method, from thetotalarea, 4%havethe appropriate power and 3% have the inappropriate power for usage Agriculture and by FAHP method, 4%havethe appropriate power and 11% have the inappropriate power for usage Agriculture. Fig. 1 shows the final layer of evaluation ANP method. Fig. 2 shows the final layer of evaluation FAHP method.

InAgriculture ecologicalmodel, was consideredsevenclasses that from class one to class seven, quality of landbecome inappropriate for this user that there aresevenClassin thestudy area. In generalcan be said thatthe study areain terms ofecological potentialis unsuitable foragricultural landusebecause of near to mountain, thehills and thedissolutionformations of gypsum andlimestone.Thisresult isclearlyseenin theFuzzy AHPmethod. The results of such studies can help those in charge of the area designated for agriculture in places better use.In any case, we can conclude that Models Multi Criteria Decision on assessment of land suitability for various applications are very useful.

Discussion of sustainability and sustainable development, regardless of towns and cities would be meaningless Cities as the main factor causing instability in the world are, in fact, the concept of urban sustainability and global are stability. Environmental crises and urban issues such as air pollution, water, soil and water resources and agricultural land use renewable, Global warming and climate change and other issues that are fundamental problems are not just for scientists, But citizens and society has also faced daily and directly understand the environmental constraints. Urbanization is the second revolution in human culture, the optimism human interaction with each other, with an increase in urban population, exploitation of the environment is worsening. In recent decades, rapid growth of urbanization and the expansion of industrial activities, infrastructure and reduce environmental waste has increased and cities have significant growth. And increasingly exposed to a traumatic crisis, especially in developing countries. Poverty, environmental degradation, lack of urban services, the decline of existing infrastructure, lack of access to land and adequate shelter, such crises are related to this topic. Now the man with the environmental challenges faced unprecedented. Wide agreement among experts on the subject there are environmental The Earth's ecosystems can no longer current level of consumption and the development of economic activities and are unable to tolerate it and not stabl Because the pressure and the load on the environment is twofold. In this regard, in relation to sustainable urban development and environmental sustainability, in the summer of 1992 Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro. Participants at the meeting agreed that the topics include the Agenda 21, has been noted that in forty chapters. To achieve sustainable development of human settlements may return. It should be noted that Agenda 21 expresses the fact that Agenda 21 expresses the fact that the population, consumption and technology, changes in the environment are major forces. This agenda is trying to policies and programs to achieve a sustainable balance between consumption, population and capacity to introduce land degradation. in fact, the main issue of Agenda 21 for the healthy development of the city and at the same time, the need to reduce poverty by increasing poor people's access to resources for the sustainable life. The agenda and other wealthy nations have committed to developing nations to help minimize damage to the environment. On the other hand, in Iran, in the sixth chapter of the fifth development plan is to draw attention to environmental sustainability indicators including substances 184 and 185 in order to assess the environmental strategy at the national, regional and thematic. In this field, the urban geography and spatial analysis and ecological assessment of the stability characteristics of the areas, in urban areas, trying to help the urban environment for residents and provide. the communication with the issue, now with the increasing population of the metropolitan area has appeared in Ahwaz The many problems that threaten the ecological day so that this city with many problems, including widespread marginalization and Adverse effects on the urban environment, noise, pollution, urban waste, domestic sewage and industrial production increased, Soil pollution caused by the Karun river, air pollution Due to the high rate of fossil fuel consumption and vehicle industries And other sources such as dust in the dry season due to the proximity to the desert West and burning fields, pollutants Industrial pollution, etc. are facing. In recent years, air pollution in the city of Ahvaz has been partially the city is one of the most polluted cities in the world. this situation is due to the fragility and vulnerability of the environment in this area. Environmental pollution conditions in the city of Ahvaz on environmental sustainability negatively affected and lower the living conditions of people in the city. Air pollution and industrial pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution, water pollution and solid waste pollution in urban areas of the most important parameters in Thus, according to these indicators, in order to achieve sustainable urban planning and macro t seems necessary. The identification and assessment of indicators and factors affecting the stability and instability metropolitan Ahvaz and provide appropriate models of sustainability and environmental instability patterns, the study reveals the importance and necessity. The subject of this angle is important to be able to apply sound management and environmental principles and balance the relationship between man and the urban environment and the causes of pollution in the area, the necessary programs to prevent and reduce environmental pollution in the city, did And steps taken for the purposes of environmental sustainability. The pathological study approach, assessment of environmental instability bedder it is challenging. The overall objective of this research is to develop indicators to assess and prioritize environmental instability in Ahwaz. Finally, this study seeks to answer the question that the best indicators for assessing urban environmental are instability. How the indicators of environmental sustainability in order of priority and importance of affect in Ahwaz? Research The present study is a descriptive analysis of the functional nature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and prioritize environmental instability indices six of the eight metropolitan areas in Iran with emphasis on noise pollution, soil pollution, air pollution, water pollution, pollution from industrial and urban waste pollution. Methods of survey data collection library in an extensive literature survey and analysis process using Marnamh, the experts have also been used. n addition to the weight of the criteria according to the situation of each of the available reports and projects and field studies, A questionnaire survey of experts in the urban environment was used The AHP. Due to the hierarchical structure of the questionnaire (AHP) in the form of tables and the formation of paired comparisons between specialists and 40 copies Urban environmental experts were distributed. The paired comparison matrix, the matrix group (unit), software (Expert Choice), were And relative weights of criteria and sub-criteria are considered, relative to each other was determined. The calculated weight options and prioritization criteria were evaluated. In the second stage of the analysis of the results in AHP and GIS Spatial and temporal analysis of eight areas with comparative approach that has been done. Discussion of Results & The achievement of stability and instability leads to environmental factors in the cities major issue, especially in developing countries are considered. To compensate for the backwardness of the country and to achieve balanced and sustainable development which contributes to improving the lives of all human beings, Correct understanding and proper planning and optimization of the national and regional level. In this context, to understand the role of the urban environment, and measures to reduce the harmful effects of these effects can be applied, primarily in the city as part of the environmental assessment. Ecological approach to urban renewal and urban areas in terms of the dimensions of sustainability, Positive steps towards sustainable development. The approach to the sustainability of natural resources in cities, and this is a special emphasis on the different aspects of sustainability in the urban system. Thus reducing risks to the environment and achieving environmental sustainability, increase knowledge and awareness of the environment in developing countrie As well as developing countries such as Iran, requires careful planning and constant monitoring of the program and its implementation. Many environmental instabilities in city includes a variety of urban environmental pollution, soil erosion, deforestation and desertification, loss of fresh water resources, soil salinization, etc. resulting from the turmoil In use of land. And the ecological, economic, social, reduce the use of resources. Many of the problems of environmental problems, just as a local or national issue not counting, but every environmental problem In every size and small scale within a country is a problem for the whole earth. Accordingly, several methods have been calculated in order to evaluate the environmental impacts and sustainability of urban areas have been designated. Often one-dimensional or applied in specific topics. In the unstable environmental indicators as a tool for assessing the ecological effects of the urban environment is a method that can shed light on the growing consumerism, urban growth will lead to ecological instability and disability. In this context, the analysis and evaluation of sustainability and environmental instability in Ahwaz After examination of the theoretical and research literature and survey studies and documents, and the views of experts in the study area, The six criteria for the study were identified in the eight districts in Ahwaz These criteria included: water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, industrial pollution, pollution, waste and air pollution. Since each of these dimensions and measures in weight, with varying degrees of importance in achieving In environmental instability determine the contribution of each of these criteria are the city of Ahwaz AHP multiple criteria decision making method was used to determine the importance of each criterion based on the impact and role in the instability of the city, Properly analyzed. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that Ahwaz based on the assessment criteria considered the most important factor In environmental instability in Ahwaz air pollution index weight (280/), were identified. Finally, the need for a holistic approach to environmental sustainability and macro dimensions such that the stability of the metropolis, Iran should be comprehensive and holistic view In all local, national and international simultaneously be followed. By identifying optimal strategies for use in the process of spatial development and stability of the city, the impact of urban development on environmental instability indexs Understanding the environmental pollution caused by the uncontrolled expansion of urban and environmental projects and studies can be applied to the sustainable management of the environment In Ahwaz.

Recently, the presence of residents and their behavior in the urban space have become so important that manycontemporary urban theorists view the presentera as the “turn of urban space and what is happening in it”. The importance of urban behaviors and activities could be discussed from different points of view. In the contemporary literature of urban design, the mutual interaction between urban behavior and different urban aspects including cultural, political, social, economic, natural environment and public health are concentrated. For example, recent researches demonstrate that residents’ walking in the urban spaces have a significant impact on the reduction of blood pressure, decrease in anxiety, prevention of osteoporosis and type II diabetes, moderation of body mass index, and the enhancement of overall physical and mental health. Hence, it could be easily claimed that all of the contemporary urban design movements have put an emphasis on the increase, intensification, qualification, and diversification of urban spaces to the extent to which different behaviors could be done in urban spaces. In this regard, the harsh attributes of climate is seen as a barrier to residents’ urban behaviors. One of the main functions of environment (natural and man-built) is ordering the life-world of live creatures. For millions of years, natural environment has imposed its requirements on the life style of living organisms. In order to survive, creatures had the options of 1) adopting to the environment or 2) modifying and moderating the environment. The main difference between human kind and other organisms is that other creatures communicate to their surrounding environment only through the adaptation process; whereas humans, through a dialectic process, change the environment in a way to reduce its imposed order and consequently benefit from more freedom and autonomy. Indeed, one of the main purposes of changing the natural environment into a man-built environment is for the autonomy psychological need. This dialectic approach which believes that human kind simultaneously affects and is affected by his soundings environment is known as the organismic approach in anthropology. One of the aspects humans have sought to moderate is the harsh climatic features. It could be claimed easily that in a great deal of human intervention in nature and, in other words, in most of the global historic architecture and planning phenomena, the importance and effect of climatic comfort could be recognized. Environment and space could either be a deterrent or limiting role in urban behaviors, or they could be supporting and encouraging. Today, there is no doubt that the environment could determine the possibility or probability of specific behaviors. The first approach is known as possibilitic and the second one as probabilistic. In any approaches, the environment imposes the order in three dimension of behavior: 1)Time, cycles or period of behavior 2)Type of behavior 3)Relationship in the behavior In regard to time, the environment determines the period, frequency and time interval of behaviors. It is observed by Gehl and Gemzoe that the number of Copenhagen citizens in the urban spaces in summer days is two times more in comparison to winter days. In warm seasons their continuity of presence in urban spaces are four times more and their density in spaces are eight times more than in cold seasons. In regard to the typology of behaviors, the environment has a significant impact on which behaviors (necessary, optional or social) are permitted to be more prevalent. The environment strongly influences the proportion of recreational-purposive behaviors and staying-passing behaviors. Above all, the environment strongly determines the avoidance behavior or approaching activities be done. The importance of the last differentiation is due to the effect they could have on residents’ mental health. The avoidance behaviors are done in order to decrease the insufficiency, deficits, stress, tension and anxiety. Hence it could not lead to happiness but only relief, sedation, and palliation. In opposition to this, the approaching activities which would not be done according the environmental impositions but based on personal will and tendency, would meet the person’s autonomy and psychological need. Consequently, this kind of activity leads to high performance of the residents, their happiness, good mood, and mental health. To clarify, Gehl and Gemzoe, in studying the urban behaviors in Copenhagen, observed that in the winter, residents walk faster and with longer steps whereas in the summer times they move calmer during their roaming and rambling. In other words, in the winter people were avoiding of the harsh, cold temperature whereas they have more autonomy about what they like to do in the summer. As mentioned before, the aim of this research is to investigate the impact of climatic features on the urban spatial forms and behavioral patterns. The research method is comparative study between urban behavioral patterns of warm and dry climate in one hand and moderate and humid climate in the other hand. The data of the behavioral patterns have been gathered thorough observation (timed photography). This type of photography is a random method for collecting the behavior pattern data in the specific period of time. It must be considered as the visual-behavioral research. Discussion of Results & The analysis of urban behavior in warm and dry climate shows that the density of behaviors is the most in the morning of winter days and the evening of summer days. In this period, proportion of the optional and social behaviors in comparison to the essential behaviors is the most. In addition to these, in the summer evenings, the sitting on the projected edge of pools is also the most. This is because of the increased humidity and a little decrease in the temperature of the air. In opposition to this, in the morning of the hot season and in the evening of the cold season, urban behaviors is the least. In this period, the urban spaces are greatly devoid of optional and social behaviors. The residents’ passing ways are strongly determined by the shadows in morning of summer days and the sunlight in the evening of winter days. The analysis of urban behavior in moderate and humid climate demonstrates that behavior density in the summer is significantly more than the ones of the winter. This shows that in this climate, the effective time cycle is seasonal, not daily. Low difference between temperature of days and nights (due to the high air humidity) lead to the decrease in the daily cycle effect on behavioral patterns. In this climate, the appropriate condition makes a vaster range of behaviors possible (including walking, sitting, watching, being watched, eating, talking). Due to high humidity and cloudy air, the proportion of indirect sunlight is more than direct sunlight. Hence, all sides of urban spaces are used almost equally. Despite this, the center of space benefits more from the air circulation and consequently attracts more people to itself. This study shows that the climatic condition has an impact on both typology of the urban behaviors and the time cycles these behaviors cause in urban spaces. This impact in the harsh climates is significantly more and consequently the necessity of considering the climatic design criteria in them is much higher. It should be also noted that climatic design requirements of different climates are various. In moderate and humid climate, the relationship of the humidity and air circulation are important whereas in the hot climates, temperature, radiation and reflection must be taken into consideration. Studying the historic spatial-formal patterns in the warm and dry climate shows that air circulation is welcomed to extent to which air circulation does not make over sweating. It is better that the entrance of new air be located in a situation that transmits the humidity to all parts of urban space. In the cold season, the strategies must be completely different. The space must be protected from the cold winds. Hence, the main axis of the space must be located along the summer winds and perpendicular to the winter ones. In designing the places for people to sit, including the edge of space and urban furniture, in addition to the temperature resistance, considering the temperature capacity is also important. Investigating the historic formal-spatial patterns of warm and dry climates, also demonstrate that the plan of space in this climate must be to condense and be concentric, the building density should be high in order to make the shadows as long as possible. In this climate, usage of opaque white, caved, rough and textured surfaces were prevalent. In opposition, application of the shiny surfaces and long windows were prevented. In this climate, usage of different kinds of green elements have been widespread. In spite of this, it must be noted that planting covering elements such as grass in this climate because of great need for water is contrary to the environmental sustainability. Finally, usage of the deciduous trees for benefiting from the sunlight in the winter days is also common. In the historic spatial-formal pattern of the moderate and humid climate, according to the fact that shadows are less important in comparison to the air ventilation, not only the attached buildings it avoided, but also, in order to conduct the appropriate winds to the spaces, distance between the surrounding buildings deliberately has been kept high. Reduction of buildings height besides usage of slope roof, Gorberos and avoidance of planting bushes in the center of space have enhanced the ventilating of space.

Cities are manmade ecosystems that differ from other ecosystems in several ways. Ecological scholars have described the city as a heterotrophic ecosystem highly dependent on large inputs of energy and materials and a vast capacity to absorb emissions and waste. Compared to a “natural” ecosystem with a typical energy budget ranging between 1,000 and 10,000 Kcal per square meters per year, cities consume a vastly larger amount of energy. The budget of an urban ecosystem in an industrialized country can range between 100,000 and 300,000 Kcal per square meter per year. Other key differences in urban ecosystems are the lack of integration of habitat patches, the invasion of nonnative species, and the external control of succession [2]. By the way, cites like the other dynamic ecosystems tend to chaos. According to the Gunderson & Holing theory that names "Adaptive Theory" all the ecosystems pass 4­ stages: Rapid growth Conservation Collapse Reorganization/regeneration In this process, old citiesfacing modern life, May lost their resilience ability to adapt themselves with new changes. Many cities are extended to the suburb instead of passing from collapse to regeneration step which is contrast to sustainable urban development and will stop being a well-defined spatial entity. In the urban planning context, revitalization means the planning measures that are necessary to improve the physical, social, economic activities of distressed areas which have lost their original functional vitality. The aim of urban revitalization should be an appropriate balance between urbanization and natural conservation. It includes maintenance of its natural resources and extending nature into the city. For regeneration stage we should use strategies such as conservation, rehabilitation, renewal &etc. as necessary. The gravity model calculates the interaction between eachpair of nodes a and b using the following formulas: Na = [x(ha) / s(ha)]*10 Gab = (Na *Nb) / Dab2 The level of interaction represents the efficiency of corridors andthe significance of linked nodes: pairs of nodes with higher habitual quality and lower impedance have greater interaction. Where Gab is the interaction between nodes a,and b, N,is node weight of node a, Nb is node weight of node b,and Dab is distance between the centroids of nodes aand b. The next step is to generate schemes that connect the nodes based on the information gained from the model. One of the primary concerns in network analysis is efficiency. Discussion of According to sustainable regeneration we can design patches and their connected corridors in different levels Patch hierarchies allow researchers to ask questions related to what factors influence the patterns and processes observed at each nested scale and functional relationship within and between scales. Urban landscape as a complex mosaic of biological and physical patches with in a matrix of infrastructure and social organization has heterogeneity in its ecosystem. By considering these principles we suggest a table for urban regeneration. The connectivity indices in Gravity modelcan be useful measure for describing the degree of connectivity.It is an appropriate approach togreenway planning, as it provides a method of systematizingthe relationship between elements that can serveas greenway nodes as well as accounting for the conditionsof the potential links. By this model we suggest three different ecological structure(model, B &C) of green,open and derelict spaces, and reach a new structure of optimum ecological condition (model C). Redevelopment of derelict lands by turning them to the green infrastructure in a network and integrating them to the upper level network is a smart conservation of land and that reduces the ecological and social impacts of sprawl and the accelerated consumption and fragmentation of open lands. By this kind of sustainable regeneration, cities have the interaction among ecological, social and economic processes, useful to dynamic change of urban structure. Green infrastructure systems help protect and restore naturally functioning ecosystems and provide a framework for future development and redevelopment. In doing so, they provide a diversity of ecological, social, and economic functions and benefits: enriched habitat and biodiversity; maintenance of natural landscape processes clear air and water; increased recreational opportunities; improved health; and better connection to nature and sense of place.Many researchers hence, argued on the necessity of changes in approaches towards the derelict lands to be able to return them into the cities life and livability systems. This chapter present the results of an ecological systematic approach together with the application of Gravity Model in the district 12 Tehran city. Several scenarios were prepared and compared to make most use of decayed urban lands and distressed urban fabric for creating an integrated ecological green infrastructure network. The evidence from this study suggested the efficiency of cyclical Gravity Model for urban fabrics in the Tehran inner city areas.