فصلنامه اقیانوس شناسی
پیاپی 20 (زمستان 1393)

Reshaped profile status of berm breakwater has a very impartant role for the stability of this kind of structure during waves attack. In this paper, key parameters of the reshaped profile such as step height of the deposited area and depth of intersection point between original berm and reshaped berm were estimated by introducing the related formulae, considering various sea stste and structural parameters. In this line, a series of 185 tests have been carried out to investigate the influence of various sea state conditions such as wave height, wave period and water depth at the toe of the structure, and structural parameters such as berm elevation from still water level and armor stone size for prediction of the berm recession. Comparison between the estimated intersection depths by this formula and formula given by PIANC revealed that the estimation procedure predicts well according to the present data. Also to assess the validity of the present formula, a comparison was made between the present formula and formulae given by other researchers, employing partial of Moghim data.

Outflow intrusions are often observed in vertical profiles of temperature and salinity in the ocean (for instance the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf outflow into the open sea). They are made visible by large fluctuations, or inversions, in the profiles and as zig-zag patterns in temperature–salinity plots. These features typically have vertical scales of 10–100 m and horizontal scales of 1–100 km. In this research, first by using the collected data of the salinity and temperature in the region of the Oman sea in spring (1996) season, the sound speed was calculated by Wilson formula, then by plotting the profile of the sound speed, it was seen that the vertical structure at depth 200 to 400 m of the profile have anomaly. Using acoustic sources in presence and absence of outflow intrusion at different depths, the sound propagation was studied by method ray. The simulation have shown that the of outflow intrusion leads to the creation sound channel and absence of the outflow intrusion leads to the vanish sound channel.

Data delivered by wave measurement buoys are required to be verified along the time due to hard conditions of the buoys in the sea environment. In this paper considering wave measurement principals and quality control algorithms, the results of the quality control algorithms applied to the data from some active buoys in the Caspian Sea are presented. The results show that the designed quality control algorithms can detect erroneous data recorded by a buoy and prepare a set of valid and reliable wave data.

In the present study, the hydrochemical characteristics of the Gorgan Bay, North East of Iran were studied in order to assess the contribution of environmental factors controlling the water quality of the bay. To approach this aim, 11 water and 10 sediment samples were collected from the Gorgan Bay, and 10 water samples from drainage basin of the bay including five rivers. Major dissolved ions of the water samples were measured through titration and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry analysis. Sediment mineralogy was determined by X-Ray Diffraction technique. Hydrochemical data was used to characterize the hydrogeological type of the water samples, Ionic ratios, source of dissolved ions and Saturation Index. Chemical type of the Bay’s water was determined due to Piper Diagram as well as Ionic ratios and Gibbs diagram which illustrates marine source as the main source of the water chemistry. SI data showd that all the collected samples were under-saturated for evaporates, but saturated for aragonite, calcite, dolomite, and huntite. Our data shows the Caspian Sea as the main controlling factor on the bay’s water chemistry. Regarding to the constructions developing around the bay, notice should be taken on the chemical and environmental factors controlling water quality and ecological conditions in order to prevent harmful influences on different properties of the Gorgan Bay.

We collected our samples from 6 stations in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter 1391 performed to identify and evaluate the skeletal structure of sea cucumber species in tidal rocky northern coast of the Persian Gulf. Finally, after the study of morphological and microscopic species of sea cucumber Holothuria parva and Holothuria arnicola from Holothuriidea families were identified. Holothuria parva and Holothuria arnicola were the highest average of 13.4 and 1.47 person in 200 m, respectively. In terms of building calcareous skeleton that are important in the microscopic identification in five parts of body that include anterior, ventral, dorsal, ventral, and Tentacles; the results showed that there were clear differences between the two species. The most common type of espicules that observed in all parts of the button of H. arenicola was circle (often with a 3-hole pairs) but in the H. parva was any kind of barb bar. Diversity and abundance espicules in Tentacles of H. arenicola species was lesser than other sectors. In all parts of the various forms of bar espicules prickly thorn of H. parva there were differences in the number, location and size of spines. We determined the significance of skeletal microscopic structure in their taxonomy of these species.

In this study, biological characteristics and population dynamic of Terapon jarbua (Forsskal, 1775) was investigated. A number of 1257 specimens were collected by Pound nets and shrimp trawl nets during August 2012 to August 2013 in Hormozgan coastal waters. ELEFAN 1 in the software package FiSAT was used to analyses of length frequency data. The highest and lowest recorded length and weight of caught fish were 5.1cm and 28.8cm (total length) and 1.53 gr and 373.07 gr, respectively. The exponent b (3.3159) showed growth positive allometric. Growth parameters L∞, k and t0 were obtained 29.4cm, 0.74 year-1 and +0.18 year, respectively. Ø (index for comparison of growth performance), W∞ (asymptotic weight) and Tmax (maximum length) were also estimated 2.8, 415 gr and 4.05, respectively. Total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), fishing mortality (F) and exploitation rate (E) was calculated 1.69 year-1, 1.43 year-1, 0.25 year-1 and 0.15, respectively. Using Bhattacharya method, cohorts grouped in two groups. Two age groups were observed in spring, summer and autumn seasons, but three age groups were discriminated in winter. Probability of catch curve indicated that L25, L50 and L75 are 8.79 cm, 11.1cm and 22.69 cm for T. jarbua. Although the Exploitation rate (E) of selected species is appropriate, continuous monitoring of length and feeding regime of caught fishes by population dynamic models could be useful for understanding the occurrence of fishing down in the Persian Gulf.

The aim of this study was to investigate benthic invertebrate community and application of AMBI (AZTI's Marine Biotic Index) for determining quality of health status in Bahmanshir River in vicinity of Abadan City. Sampling was done to collect macrobenthose from six stations seasonally through March 2011 to Septambre 2011. Totally, 67 species identified in the study area. Portions of identified species were as follow; 40 polychates, 4 gastropods, 11 amphipods, 9 bivalves, 1 britle star and 1 cumacean and 1 tanaid. The macrobenthose abundances ranged between 26.37 ind.m-2 to 66.58 ind.m-2 in summer and winter respectively. The ANOVA showed signifant difference in seasonal abundances (P<0.05). The maximum absolute mean of abundances found in station3 (162.3 ind.m-2) and the least was related to station 6 (4.8 ind.m-2). The results of ANOVA showed signifant difference of abundances between stations (P<0.05). The health of stations were examined by AMBI and determined that station 6 and station 3 had bad and good status respectively.

The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in surface sediment, soft tissue and shell of oyster Saccostrea cucullata collected from three locations, in the intertidal zones of Hormoz Island of the Persian Gulf were measured. Concentrations of metals were determined by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). Results indicated that the mean levels of metals in the soft tissue and the shell were as Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd and Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd, respectively. Significant and positive correlations were found between Pb (r = 0.97, P<0.05), Cd (r = 0.79, P<0.05), Zn (r = 0.99, P<0.01) and Cu (r = 0.77, P<0.05) concentrations in the soft tissue of oyster and its concentration in the sediments. There was not a positive correlation across Pb levels in the shell of oyster and sediment. The percent Coefficient of Variation (CV %) for Pb within the shells were lower than for the soft tissues, whereas the CV% for Cu, Zn and Cd was lower in the soft tissue than in the shell. The results of this study suggest that the shell of S. cucullata as biomonitor for Pb and the soft tissue for Cu, Zn and Cd.

Cone snails (genus: Conus) are groups of marine mollusks that make a group of toxin compounds (conotoxins) for different purposes. Several studies proved the medical properties of conotoxins and existence of different toxic compounds in different parts of venom apparatus. So, recognizing the simplest and the most suitable method for separating the venom apparatus and purification of conotoxins is necessary. For this purpose, several specimens of Conus terebra thomasi were collected from the Northern sandy coast of Larak Island and the shells of samples were cracked by vice. After pulling out the snail from its shell, drawing out of the venom apparatus was done by cutting the posterior section of foot muscle. Venom apparatus was divided into three parts, venom bulb, proximal and distal venom duct and each sample was freeze-dried. Extraction was done by three solvents (Acetone 100%, A mixture of Acetone100%-Methanol20% and Phosphate Buffered Saline) and the total protein of each extract was determined by Bradford protein assay. The results showed that the amount of total protein in two extracts (Acetone and Acetone-Methanol) were very low and cannot be measured by this method, but it is measurable in third extract (venom bulb: 38.79, proximal venom duct: 52.4 and distal venom duct: 46.01 mg/g dried tissue). By using electrophoresis method, different conopeptides were shown in different parts of venom apparatus. Also, the most suitable solvent between the checked solvents in this study is phosphate buffered saline because of high concentration of extracted conopeptides, and reducing the risk of tissue damage. Meanwhile, the extracted compounds are suitable for investigating their bioactivity.

In the present study, 140 Epinephlus coioides have been divided in to 7 groups including: 1. Control, 2. Group injected with coconut oil, 3. Group treated with V. alginolyticus, 4. and 5. Fish injected firstly with 20 and 200 mg/kg Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and bacteria after 48h, 6. and 7. Fish treated with 20 and 200 mg/kg BaP. Samples were taken from spleen and head kidney in day 1,2,4,7 and 14 of experiment and fixed in formalin buffer solution. 5 micrometer sections were prepared from tissues and were stained by hematoxylin and eosin. The tissue alterations including increase in melanomacrophage centers, bleeding, immune cell density, increase of broken RBC and bacterial colonies were observed in the spleen and head kidney of all treatments especially in days 4 and 7.

Strategic analysis is the first and most important component of strategic management process which requires identification and analysis of an organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses as well as its external opportunities and threats. A lot of techniques can be applied to analyze strategic matters among which SWOT matrix is highly famous and reputable. One the most important weaknesses of SWOT analysis is that the importance of each factor for decision making cannot be quantitatively evaluated. In other words, it is to some extent difficult to identify which factor or group is more effective in strategic decisions. Analytical Hierarchy Process removes the mentioned problem. Importance, weight and priority of each factor are quantitatively estimable via AHP model. Aimed to analyze and prioritize strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Iran’s dry ports, the present research has been implemented by use of SWOT and AHP models. Firstly, having analyzed the internal and external environments, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified. Then SWOT matrix was formed by merging the mentioned components and, applying AHP model, priority and importance of each group and subgroup was determined. The obtained results show that strengths have the most and weaknesses have the least importance and priority. Finally, having considered the amount of importance and priority of SWOT components of dry ports, some executive strategies were offered.

Analysis and evaluation of economic efficiency and effectiveness of container yard equipment are among issues that managers of container terminals encounter all the time. This study with a distinctive perspective toward the concept of cost functions, tries to figure out the costs of container yard vehicles which are Straddle Carrier (SC), semi-automated Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) and automated Rail Mounted Gantry (RMG). Developing a pairwise comparison method, we present a novel approach for analysis and evaluation of economic efficiency and effectiveness of container yard equipment. The cost function analysis considers major cost attributes which are related to modern container terminal operations and include: 1) land purchase costs, maintenance and development of container yard costs, 2) equipment purchase costs, maintenance and running of an appropriate operational system in the container yard and 3) container transfer costs which play a determining role in determining the final costs of operational systems. The results showed that RMG automatic systems, compared to SC and RTG systems, led to lower costs for each container, for crane purchase, lower costs of maintenance and in general lower overall expenses for container yards.

Converting a port to a free trade-industrial port needs some underlying factors to ensure the development of the countries in which they exist. BandarAbbas port is regarded as one of the active ports of the region. If it is converted to a free trade-industrial port, it can considerably and effectively contribute to the economy of the country. This research investigated the main factors for the possibility of converting BandarAbbas port to a free trade-industrial port. In the final stage of this research, the main factors influencing the formation of a free trade-industrial port have been recognised with the help of primary and secondary data in five distinctive groups. In the second stage, those main factors have been evaluated by the aid of questionnaires which had been distributed among exports of BandarAbbas city, Shahid Rajaee port and Shahid Bahonar port. 70% of the distributed questionnaires were responded. Finally, from the view point of exports there are factors like resistant political environmental, strategic situation, work force and suitable infrastructures in BandarAbbas in order to converting to a free trade-industrial port, while there is not commitment to free trade and economy as a component of converting to free trade-industrial port in BandarAbbas.

Due to economic nature and transit and tourism roles, coastal cities are always vulnerable to enemy attacks. On the other hand, ports are considered the beating heart of this cities, hence, are more likely to be in the focus of enemy attacks. Passive defense, however, is an effective strategy that acts on the basis of having the least damages and enforcing the greatest policy impacts. Using the above strategy, it is possible to reduce the risk levels and damages caused by the invasion on ports and marine facilities in coastal cities. For the purpose of awareness of this importance, through analytical assessments and applied techniques in this manuscript, a design and planning framework is provided to promote the implementation of an effective passive defense to a great extent. There is hope that the framework provided by this study, be implemented in different scope of the design, port planning and marine facilities through techniques notably camouflage, concealment, dispersion, and immunization operations.