پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 90 (بهار 1398)

One of the major problems in the international monetary system is the frequent occurrence of currency crises in different countries. Considering the high cost of currency crises on the economies, designing models for exploring the costs and incidence manner of such crises in the economy can be important. So, we attempted to investigate the implied costs of currency crises and the manner of the crises incidence in the Iranian economy, using bounds testing approach, quarterly data of the Iranian economy during the period 1988:02-2016:02 and an early warning model with a continuous dependent variable. Based on the results, on the one hand, the increase in the ratio of central bank claims on the government to the monetary base and the ratio of central bank claims on the banks to the monetary base, and on the other hands, the decline in the industrial production growth, the growth of oil export earnings, the ratio of earnings from oil exports to foreign assets of the central bank and the ratio of loans to banks' deposits have had resonator effects on the incidence of currency crises in the Iranian economy. Also,  oil and banking comprehensive sanctions from the third quarter of 2012 has led to a significant increase of currency crises incidence in the Iranian economy. Under these circumstances, policymakers, through strengthening foreign exchange earnings and resources and diversifying the sources of foreign exchange, supporting the increase in industrial production, controlling the share of central bank claims on government and banks in the monetary base, and also helping to increase the ability to pay loans and improving the performance of the lending system of banks, can help to prevent the possible occurrence of currency crises and the incidence of such crises in the economy.

In recent years, the discussion of capital structure and the mechanism of the impact of this structure and macroeconomic factors on the financial performance of companies between different countries has been raised. Changes in the growth rate of business as well as the results of it are the basis of many decisions inside and outside the company. Considering the position of the stock exchange in our country's financial system, the efficiency and development of the capital market depends on the activity of the institution in the country. The statistical population of this study is all the companies that have been accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange, which is the data of 110 companies complete in the years 1392 to 1396 as a statistical sample for testing the research hypotheses. The research method was descriptive-correlational in terms of collecting data and in terms of its purpose and its subsequent orientation. For classification and analysis of data, Excel and Eviews 7 have been used. Data analysis with multiple regression analysis. The research findings show that capital structure (long-term debt and short-term debt) has a negative and significant financial performance, and macroeconomic performance metrics (exchange rate, interest rate and inflation ) has a positive and significant relationship with financial performance (ROA

An invention that meets novelty, inventive step, and industrial application is patentable. After the registration of an invention, a patent is granted and, as an official document, implies the ownership of the holder. Due to some grounds, such as not meeting one of the substantive requirements, the patent might become invalidated by a court order.  According to the Article 18 of the Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks Act of Iran, patent invalidation has retroactive effect and invalidates all contracts which have been concluded based on patented inventions. Invalidity of the contract indicates that the invalidated contract has never been existing, and parties’ rights and obligations have never been in existence; consequently, the other party of the contract, such as licensee, could recoup the whole paid consideration. The adoption of this idea is inconsistent with the purposes of Patent Law, including incentivizing, encouraging to resort to patent system, protection of inventors, commercialization of inventions, stability of contracts, and trust in the market; and it could be deemed as a serious obstacle to these matters. In this research, by taking the necessities of  Patent Law, including the need to facilitate innovation and commercialization of inventions and to create a climate free of bad patents, into consideration, this legislator’s approach is criticized, and its contradiction to the public interest, the dissemination of knowledge, the process of commercialization, and transfer of technology will be demonstrated. Finally, the amendment of the mentioned act and not perceiving contracts as void will be proposed in order to foster the process of innovation.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the likelihood of the occurrence of the risks and unexpected events. As a result, supply chains are more vulnerable to disruption and the risk to supply chain continuity has increased. The ability to manage risks and disruptions is one important aspect that differentiates successful business leaders from others. The present research therefore attempts to conceptualize the concept of supply chain continuity and design an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to evaluate the continuity of IKCO supply chain. Hence, a systematic literature review is conducted to identify and explore appropriate capabilities and strategies that can be employed to build continuity in a supply chain. Then, ANFIS approach is used to evaluate the continuity of IKCO supply chain. The results indicate an average condition based on the proposed model.

Resilience is the ability of  system  to return to its original state or better situation after the disorder creation. Resiliencein numerated  as a distinc source of sustainable competitive advantage for suppliers. In this study it is tried to prioritizs  the effective factors for the selection of suppliers in supply chain resilience by propounding this factors,  according  to literature research .Accordingly two main criteria,  producing – technical capabilitiesl and responding –supporting capabilities known as the main criteria fore suppliers selection in the resilient supply chain. Hence, the initial research model was advanced by  using exploratory factor analysis and in the next step,by using a survey method and receiving  the opinion of 16 experts, each of these factors prioritized by  using fuzzy nonlinear techniques as well as  SWARA  methods. According to both methods price is in the first place.  Accordingly the industries chief executives can control it by using pricing methods. The research conclutions also shows, quality and safety standards in the supply chain are the next priorities.

Trade secrets are very important for the owner of trade secrets particularly for the traders. Confidential information is important for competition, research and development and protection of science exchange between the business and encouraging the innovation and creating the new science. Nevertheless, perhaps because of their nature, strong and effective support has not existed for the trade secrets and it is seen in the present Europe rules according to the European authors’ admission particularly because of variety of the national rules and different reaction of the EU member countries. The new directive with the aim of equalization of the trade secrets  regulations and  making closer the rules of member countries in order to create a sufficient and stable system defining the trade secrets and legal and illegal cases of education. Using and revealing of trade secrets and prediction of the protective measures and amendatory solutions and compensation system and protection of the trade secrets, some effective step has been taken in judgment procedure. Descriptive- analytical analysis of the directive regulations and adapting it with Iran law reveal that its general rules and principles especially in determining the determinant criterion of damage rates applied to the owner and necessity to observe proportion principle in taking the practices and compensation solutions and creating restriction for individuals’ accessibility to the minutes and the presented documents during judgment procedure, it should not be incompatible with  the essentials and principles of our law system and it can be used to develop and straighten the protective system of the trade secrets, but considering this matter that the mentioned directive is a minimum and coordinator rule, need for complementary regulations especially using non-disclosure  agreement and non-compete agreements is absolutely felt.

On December 11, 2008, the United Nations adopted the “Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea”, more colloquially known as the “Rotterdam Rules” for the city which hosted the convention’s signing ceremony on September 23, 2009. Definitely, one of the advantages of Rotterdam Rules in comparison with the former rules is providing new innovation with new requirements of industry and commerce. Rotterdam Rules also by adopting the “Door to Door” mode for carriage of goods, promoting the Electronic Transport Record, embedding the “Volume Contracts” and providing “Joint and Several Liability” between carriers and performing parties have opened new horizons in the carriage of goods by sea. Rotterdam Rules in spite of avoiding the excesses of “Hamburg Rules” retained its strength points and has tried to eliminate the defects of “Hague Rules”. Therefore, it can be said that this convention has caused a balanced approach among the benefits of shippers and carriers for providing the general fortuity.