نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال شانزدهم شماره 143 (بهمن و اسفند 1395)

In spite of the fact that reading is one of the major methods of acquiring information and knowledge and also one of the most prominent learning tools for students, the existing reality in the society represents the low ability of the Iranian students in acquiring this skill. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the efficacy of teaching self- monitoring of attention on the enhancement of attention and reading comprehension in students with reading problems.
It was a quasi experimental study. The statistical populations of this study were third- grade students with reading problems, selected randomly among those who referred to koosha learning disorder center in Babol city in 2011-2012. These students were investigated in several stages )base-line, treatment and Follow-up(. The children intelligence test, Wechsler, dyslexia test )Koromi Nori & Moradi, 1387( and reading comprehension test were used to collect the data.
The results of the study have showed that the teaching of self-monitoring of attention hsd significant effect on the increase of attention & reading comprehension in students with reading problems. The gain maintained during the after one month.
As a result, it can be concluded that the teaching of attention as like as other fundamental learning skills had an effective attitude on treating reading problems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of selected training programs on the balance of children (7-12yrs) with hearing impairment.
Population of study includes all children with hearing impairment. Then, 32 children with hearing impairment were selected as in access subjects from Marivan province. The children divided randomly into control (n=16) and experimental (n=16) groups. The balance was assessed by the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2) as pretest and posttest. The experimental group was participated in selected training program for 20 sessions and 50 minutes in each session. Nonparametric Wilcoxon and U Mann Whitney test were used for analyzed of data.
The results of the statistical tests showed significant difference on gross balance in experimental group (p The findings showed that training program used in the current research can improve the static and dynamic balance of children with hearing disorder and can be useful.

This study aimed to find the impacts of computer-based education on achievement of students with intellectual disability.
The method used in this study is semi-experimental supported by pretest-posttest plan. 32 male Intellectual disability students from the same grade (pre elementary) and different schools were chosen for the study, among which a total sample of 16 students was randomly chosen. 8 students received traditional education as control group and experimental group consisted of 8 students receiving computer-based education. A pre-test was carried out on both groups. Then, in a period of 14 days, the experimental group received a sum of 60-hours computer-based training course; meanwhile, the control group was taught through traditional methods by teachers. The materials used in this research were two researcher made achievement tests which were approved to be reliable by teachers of preparatory levels. The data gathered by the study was analyzed by co-variance analysis and correlated t-test.
The findings obtained from the study confirmed more effectiveness of computer-based teaching methods for learners rather than traditional methods.
It is suggested that computer based teaching is useful in improving educational achievement of students with intellectual disability.

Down syndrome is the most common genetic intellectual disability conditions in 1 out of 800 to1000 live births. Adolescents and youth with Down syndrome are unique population on physical fitness factors related to health.
To investigate the factors of physical fitness and physical activity in adolescents and youth with Down syndrome the international and national data bases such as EBSC, Medline, PubMed¡Elsevier¡ Google scholar, SID from 1996 to 2016 were used. In this research, some Persian and English key words like physical fitness, physical activity, Down syndrome, rehabilitation, intellectual disability, muscular strength, muscular endurance, aerobic fitness, balance, agility and flexibility, were used. Search of resources determined 130 articles that finally 35 articles were considered for the study.
The results indicated that reduced cardio-respiratory capacity, lower level of physical protrusions and physical fitness in people with Down syndrome is significantly common. Related activities to health are also in low rate.
Future studies have to focuses on power tests and exercise programs, procedures of determining physical activities and practical intervention.

The use of Information and Communication Technology )ICT( is effective in the teaching-learning process. Related factors should be considered for optimal use of ICT. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ICT literacy and computer self-efficacy of teachers at special schools of Birjand.
Population of study include all individuals who are working as teacher in special school in 2014-2015 in Birjand )N = 89(. 73 teachers )59 females and 14 males( were randomly selected as sample. To collect data, ICT literacy questionnaire of Zare Mogaddam and computer self-efficacy scale of Murphy et.al were used. Data were analyzed with one sample t test, Pearson correlation and regression analysis.
The results showed that the mean of self-efficacy was higher than the mean of the test )P0.01(; ICT literacy had significant correlation with computer self-efficacy in general (r=0.731), in men )r=0.557( and in women )r=0.752(, )P Therefore, it seems that when the individual has more knowledge and skills in the field of ICT literacy he has a better view toward his ability to use computer and in general he would have higher computer self-efficacy, which can lead to greater use of ICT in the teaching-learning process.

Cerebral palsy can be defined as impaired motor control and posture caused by damage to the central nervous system and imposes damage in the future life of the person.
This is a report of 5 year-old case suffering from mild cerebral palsy referred to speech therapy due to the lack of clarity of speech. Evaluating speech of the child, central vocabulary approach began due to severe instability of speech errors as well as parents’ report expressing lack of clarity of speech even after treatment by the therapist.
After 14 sessions of treatment with this approach, the therapist observed an increase in production stability, improvement in overall clarity of speech and an increase of parent’s consents of the child's speech development.
It seems that the treatment of instability in production of speech with core vocabulary approach is useful.

Over the years, many attempts have been made that introduce the best and most appropriate approach to language teaching to people with hearing loss. However, there has been not general agreement and these issues and disagreements continue still in the entire world. In our country the situation is so. With difference that many approaches do not run. Some of the centers select a method and others select combination of methods. So, there is no clear task for confused families and each expert has its own theory. However, it should be made several options for parents and according to developmental profile and the ability of child the best option has been chosen.
This study is descriptive-analytic and library study. Various related information were searched from references like articles, academic books and academic resources at home and abroad of prestigious database of scientific search like Magiran, Elsevier, Wiley, PubMed, and search engine of Google Scholar from 2003 to 2016.
It is aimed with early diagnosis and intervention for children with hearing impairment and awareness of different communication approaches for parents, the performance of hearing-impaired children like performance of children without hearing impairment could be improved. It should be noted that no approach is superior to other approaches and the best approach to child is approach that child can use it well and consistent with conditions of children, change profile, and with children's communication skills. In this article we have tried that while discussing the previous preceding studies be paid to scientific theories raised in this regard and Pedagogical approaches and rehabilitation of people with hearing loss are examined.

Core vocabulary is one of the appealing subjects in special education. In this study, some researches related to core vocabulary is reviewed. Then, utilization of core vocabulary for students with special needs is elaborated.
The research is descriptive-analytic. Researches on Farsi indexed since 1973 in Scientific Information Database, The Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, IRANDOC and researches on other languages indexed since 1928 in ERIC, Google Scholar were reviewed.
The best method for estimating core vocabulary is to combine different corpora and extract high frequent words )more than 80% in the corpus(. Utilization of the list of core vocabulary in developing screening test and intervention programs is the next phase.
Utilization of core vocabulary can be both in developing screening tests and intervention programs. Thus, a standard for vocabulary screening of special students and adults and consequently the processes for intervention )a special kind of word regime as the language support( can be set. Core vocabulary interventions are efficient for students with intellectual disability and specific language disorders and also deaf and hearing impaired students.

One way of education for students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment is participate in the inclusive education and one of the part-time methods of inclusive education is reverse inclusive education. In a reverse inclusion, a large number of normal children are occasionally placed with the disabled children to seek academic and non-academic interaction among them for helping each other to understand and adjust to each other's specific needs of life.
In this paper, after a brief introduction, reverse inclusion is defined and necessity and importance of reverse inclusion is discussed. Then benefits of reverse inclusion, effective methods and techniques for successfully of reverse inclusion and challenges of reverse inclusion are presented and finally conclusion is expressed.