نشریه اندیشه معماری
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Architecture requires an ethical principle as an engineering profession and due to its profound effects on human life and the environment. Based on this study, the present paper seeks to explain the relationship between ethics and architecture using the documentary method and the interpretive approach. Based on the results of the research, by examining theoretical foundations, research background and documentary studies conducted on the subject, one can examine the relation between ethics and architecture in three areas: ethics in the architecture of the profession (professional ethics or ethics of the architect), ethics in architecture (Building traits) and ethics and behavior influenced by the product of architectural action. Professional ethics in architecture in the areas of ethics of servitude and God's gratification, individual ethics such as honesty and humility, organizational ethics (social) such as counseling and respecting the rights and views of others and environmental ethics, such as the observance of sustainability criteria. The architecture of the site is a graph of the individual and professional ethics of architects. With the professionalism, morality and accountability of the architect to himself, God, nature, and others, his architectural effect will also be ethical in nature with the proper design and ethical design. Considering the impact of architecture on human morality and behavior, such an architecture will play a major role in increasing mental and psychological well-being of humans, and its social, cultural, physical and environmental influences will be tailored to the needs of its inhabitants.

According-to-the results of immethodical and impromptu growth of different complexes in the urban spaces,doing scientific and research surveys in the various fields seems vital and logical–fields that are related with the planning issue,designing and establishment of tall-buildings.If we consider the history and evolution and transmutation route of these buildings from the ancient times till the contemporary era,the relationship between these typical elements and their lodgment bases in the urban spaces will be appeared with attention to the subjects that are taken into consideration by the socialists.Whilst the current paper explains this concept and introduces seven criteria and revises in short the history and different definitions which tall-buildings are grouped and introduced according-to them with the aim of recognition of role and place of tall-buildings in the establishment,supplying and reinforcement of social sustainability makes clear the place of tall-buildings with regard to the social sustainability as well as compares the remnant of presence of tall-buildings in the environs and also following introducing their favored attitudes in the urban spaces from one hand and making and increasing the level of satisfaction sense among their stakeholders and citizens from the other hand had concluded the final results unto two scales.According-to the results of this paper in the macro-scale,these buildings play a symbolic role and thereby can increase the level of quality of urban spaces and will give identity to them and will help finding the address of their environs and finally will influence various characteristics of civil identity.In the middle and micro-scales,these buildings can develop the maximum limit of cooperation between themselves and their environs and have positive effect with relying on the criteria or attitudes as flexibility,inspiration from the nature and increasing the level of social interactions with the aim of making and increasing the level-of satisfaction sense among their stakeholders.

In houses with a central courtyard, the courtyard is actually the heart of the house and its main organizer. Although, in modern settlements, the yard has lost its importance as the main organizer of the space, recognizing the courtyard in the past patterns of architecture as genuine architectural examples and seeking the mental concept of housing in the courtyard as an objective form of this concept, can help you reach the concept of helping residence, and also provide solutions to bring modern living conditions to the desired conditions of life. The purpose of this article is to study courtyards of Qajar era Iranian houses in Kashan, especially, courtyards of the Tabatabais’, Boroujerdis’ and Salehis’ houses, as the closest original architectural examples to us historically and knowing about the living conditions in these courtyards, firstly defined the concept of habitation as a desirable condition of life, secondly, helped us provide solutions to create such favourable conditions for all times.

Native architecture is an invaluable phenomenon that reflects cultural, historical, social, religious, and other values. Values hidden in native architecture of each city shows the frame of mind of its people. As a result, people's peace and quality of life can be preserved through preserving these architectural values, which requires knowing and recognition of cultural heritage and identity of the city. Changes caused by modern architecture in Iranian historic cities have weakened architectural values and identities. This study tries to make use of various approaches to preserve native architecture values and introduce it to people and show them how to apply them in modern architecture. It also seeks to find a way to apply values of Ardebil’s native architecture in designing its modern buildings. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data is collected through field studies and library studies. The results include designing solutions for each of the constituent parts of the native architecture.

The Agha Bozorg Mosque and School are among the most magnificent Islamic buildings in Kashan. The beautiful architecture of the garden, the great brick dome and the minarets in the court of the mosque have made it one of the most spectacular historical monuments in Kashan. This building is a combination of architectural and decorative elements, and a combination of interwoven proportions and volumes, which has rarely been investigated from the spiritual dimension of architecture, while its physical dimension has been the subject of extensive studies. The present study is an attempt to investigate the spiritual dimension of this mosque and school and study the relationship between the physical and spiritual dimension of this building. The research hypothesis (the interpretations of architecture of this building according to the Islamic beliefs and thoughts contribute to a better understanding of this building by the Muslim audience and development of a spiritual link with the building body) is proved. In order to prove this hypothesis, the concept of interpretation, the interpretational approach, perception of spaces, including the perception of Islamic architecture, which is known as a spiritual and cryptic architecture, are described according to the literature, and then the author drew on the valid arguments derived from the holy Quran, the traditions and common beliefs of Muslims as well as logical reasoning to prove the research hypothesis. The library studies and field observations are used as data collection instruments in this study. Instruments such as graphic images and charts have been used for data analysis. Finally, this paper concludes that in the interpretive approach, the referee interprets the text based on his thoughts and his mental principles and that individuals with different opinions, thoughts and mindsets may provide different judgments. as for the judgments of this building (Agha Bozorg mosque and the school of Kashan) and the similar buildings, as the audience of such buildings are mostly Muslims and have common Islamic opinions in line with recognition of God and obeying him; all such judgments are consistent with the principle of monotheism and the principle of monotheism is the principle that unifies the plurality of beliefs among Muslims. Interpretation of the architectural elements of the mosque according to these beliefs, will make the perception of this building easier for the Muslim audience, and will help them establish physical as well as spiritual and emotional associations with the building. In other words, the architecture of this building can also facilitate spiritual perceptions and mystical experiences.

In architectural design there are connecting spaces whose role is balancing the process of this relationship. These spaces are not necessarily an empty space or a space left and can have a spatial nature and characteristics itself. The boundary between the exterior and interior space has long been prominent. In the traditional architecture of Iran, we see porches, pavements, awning, shades, and so on. While these spaces may not directly be related to their connecting role, but inherently, they play such a role. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of what elements and characteristics the created boundary spaces are organized? It also examines qualities the connecting space should have in relation to the nature of spaces at its sides. This space interacts with the balance between outdoor life and the transition to a closed space in a way that takes advantage of the properties of both spaces the same and adjusts the sense of conflict moving from outside to the inside. Since there are few studies on this spatial relationship, this paper attempts to collect features and physical and non-physical properties assigned to this space, and finally by analyzing them, be able to classify different types of spatial continuity.