فصلنامه آرشیو توانبخشی
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1379)

In a nutshell, the word “rehabilitation” is used for adults along with activities of physicians and other members of rehabilitation team. During the 1990s, in America the rehabilitation centers or even a kind of sub-acute centers considered adult's abilities instead of their disabilities and created a fully positive process out of a seemingly negative phenomenon. In the present article, we review rehabilitation solutions. In addition, we will briefly review different methods of rehabilitation associated with some high prevalent neurological disorders in adults.

Memory capabilities, including its mechanisms and memory approaches weaken as age increases. However, the studies reveal that the content of memory, i.e. the knowledge stored in it, usually increases. Memory system includes sensory memory within which environmental information are recorded. Short-term memory is related to storing data at awareness level, whereas long-term memory is associated with storing knowledge and past experiences.Psychological and physiological factors such as mental and physical health, nutrition, using narcotic substances and alcohol, and also stimulation during life may affect all functions of the elderly such as their memory. Unfortunately, many researchers overlooked the effects of these variables on subjects.

The purpose of present study was to find the percentage of depression frequency, its intensity and relationship with chronic and acute stress, history of neurological disorders, and several demographic indexes among medical students of Bandar Abbas University during 1994-95. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed among students based on random-classified sampling method. Of them, 271 questionnaires were returned and studied. In the present study, percentage of depression frequency and its intensity were investigated among 271 medical students using Beck Depression Inventory. The results showed that 44.1% of students had depression. The depression rate was scored low (26.3%), average (10.4%), and high (7.4%). The depression frequency was higher in the third and fifth year of university students. The depression rate had a positive significant correlation with marital status, chronic stress, acute diseases, previous infliction to depression, and other mental disorders. The factors such as disinterest in medicine and dissatisfaction with current situation had specific correlation with depression. However, there was no significant correlation between depression and factors such as age, sex, being native, chronic stress, and positive family history for depression.

To screen comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents. Among different disorders, 3 disorders of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, and depression were studied in a sample of Iranian adolescents. A total of 33 substance abusers, 35 criminal substance abusers, 34 non-substance abusers were selected from Tehran correctional and rehabilitation center for adolescents and 33 normal subjects (girl and boy) were studied from schools of Tehran south using Achenbach youth self-report questionnaire (YSR) (Achenbach, 1991), demographic and history of drug abuse questionnaire (designed by researchers). There was a significant different regarding attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder between two groups of substance abuser and non-substance abuser, but the difference was not significant between boys and girls. Regarding conduct disorder, there was a significant difference between two sexes. In boys, there was a significant difference between substance abusers and normal groups. In depression disorder, the difference between two sexes was significant regarding boys differences were observed between three groups selected from correctional and rehabilitation center and normal group regarding girls, there was a significant difference between substance abusers with criminals and normal group. Apparently, these 3 disorders have shown significant difference between two sexes. ADHD pattern was the same in two sexes. There was a significant difference between two sexes with regard to depression and conduct disorder. In both sexes, ADHD was not correlated with substance abuse. The conduct disorder was not related to substance abuse in both sexes and depression disorder was only related to substance abuse in girls. Considering the youth self-report test (YSR), there is a special mental profile for substance abusers, which separates them from non-substance abusers.

Personality development is a complicated phenomenon. Several external and internal factors such as hereditary background, congenital status, events afterbirth, individual differences, positive and negative promoting behaviors, and other cultural and social factors alone or in combination affect individual personality. Based on the theory of psychological analysis, experiences at childhood, especially interaction with parents have an undeniable effect on individual personality in adulthood. The subject of the present study is to investigate the relationship of family particulars with mental health in high school girl's students in Tehran at third grade in the field of experimental sciences. The present study is a case-study and its purpose is to study theories on dissatisfaction of students at disorganized families and its relationship with anxiety, depression, violence, and obsession. The study subjects were 80 girl students studying at third grade in field of experimental sciences at Tehran high schools. Half of these students were selected as case group and half of them as control group. The subjects were selected with screening method and the SCL-90 test was used to study hypothesis. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between case and control group. The quality of family relationship had a strong correlation with mental growth of child. Based on obtained results, the atmosphere around the control group was happier than the case group. The members of the case group usually did not talk about their problems with father.

The present study was carried out in order to investigate sources of occupational stress in employees of welfare organization and relationship of these stressors with their job satisfaction. Among these stressors which are of two types of environmental and individual, sense of control (individual source), role conflict and role ambiguity (environmental source) were studied. In the next step, we studied the relationship of these stressors with employee's job satisfaction (in terms of nature of work, supervisor, colleagues, promotions, and salary). The statistical population included all psychologists employed in rehabilitation organization. Out of them, 77 persons were selected through systematic random sampling (30%). The data of study were collected with job description index (Smith et al., 1969), occupational skill, knowledge questionnaire, and a checklist of measuring attitude toward occupational role. Results indicated that the stressors of role conflict and role ambiguity in employees are correlated with external locus of control. Positive attitude toward job role had a positive correlation with knowledge and diversity of occupational activity. The results revealed that the role conflict and role ambiguity affected by inefficiency of occupational skill and knowledge of employees are the major occupational stressors of employees and the sense of control had a regulating role in this regard.

The term “fragile X syndrome” is named after a constriction recognizable on chromosome (at Xq 27.3) cultured at chromosome media without folic acid. The unstable part includes repetition of 3 nucleotides which is intensified at subsequent generation (DNA amplification) and gives rise to a more severe phenotype in the individual. About 20% of males have normal fragile X syndrome. The daughters of these individuals have abnormal chromosomes (carrier) and their grandchildren will be marked. In typical syndrome, the boys will suffer from mental retardation, macrocephalia, large or protruding ears, elongated face, and macroorchidism. In terms of behavioral comorbidity, symptoms are similar to pervasive developmental disorder such as autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The impairments in cognitive abilities are manifested as learning difficulties to severe problems. Our patients were 2 boys (6 and 7 years old) referred due to their hyperactivity. In physical examination, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as well as fragile X syndrome were confirmed. In chromosome culture test, the constriction at Xq 27.3 was specified.