فصلنامه آرشیو توانبخشی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، تابستان 1385)

The strength of a group of muscles can be measured by muscle strength test, employing a force measuring instrument. In order to monitor the effectiveness of a therapeutic or training programs we need a reliable technique which is also accurate in repeated measurements. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of an isometric neck muscle force measurement device. Thirty seven healthy non athlete subjects (18 males and 19 females, aged 18-25) participated in this analytical study. The maximal isometric contractions of the neck extensor and flexor muscles were measured in different times and different days and by two different testers. A new sensitive “load cell” was applied to our previously designed neck muscle force measurement apparatus. The results of the inter-trail, test retest, and inter rater reliability (0.86 < ICC < 0.98, 2.2< Sw <5.1 N) indicated that the neck muscle force measurements were highly repeatable and less variable between measurements. There were no statistically significant differences in neck muscle force measurements, between times, between days and between retsters. Maximum isometric contractions were significantly higher in males than in the females (p < 0.001). Women’s neck muscle strengths were 30.8% and 46.1% of men in cervical extension and cervical flexion. In this study we used a new model (Isometer 2) of our previous apparatus (Isometer). The isometric strength of neck flexor and extensor muscles which was measured by Isometer 2 appeared to be a reliable and useful method for measuring the force of the neck extensor and flexor muscles.

The goal of this study was to record the Electromyogram (EMG) signal from the biceps and triceps muscles utilizing two individual channels to control an EMG driven myoelectric prosthesis. To achieve the study goal a system for recording and processing the signal was designed and fabricated. Based on recorded signals from biceps and triceps muscles, a successful system was developed to control a powered prosthesis. According to the results of this study it was revealed that utilizing the average amount signal is a very successful way to obtain the control signal. Since the amplitude and frequency of the EMG signal has not yet been defined and sometime there are some unwanted electrical activities on the skin, prosthetic control is rather difficult for the users. Additionally, in IAV domain, no distinct border between strong and week contractions was obtained after conducted tests.

Despite tilt-board exercises benefits and its role in ligamentus us injury prevention, little research has been done in this case. The goal of this study is investigation of balance exercises effect for six weeks on balance tests and strength of lower extremity ligaments. In present Quasi experimental study, case group was consisted of two 17 subjects groups which did balance exercises for 6 weeks (one group on dominant limb and another on non-dominant limb).Control group did not do any exercise in this period. These groups were evaluated and re-evaluated before and after the exercise period by Biodex Balance System. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between groups (P<0/05). According to our results it can be concluded that tilt-board exercises can be used as a suitable tool to prevent ligamentus us injuries.

one of group interventions in rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients is recreational activities intervention, in this type of rehabilitation therapist participates patients in recreational activities and hobbies, which promotes activity of daily livings and social skills. Our purpose of this study was investigating the effectiveness of recreational interventions in schizophrenics’ social skills. in a before and after interventional study, 45 schizophrenic patients selected and assessed with Activity of Daily Living Skills Scale before intervention. Intervention was a recreational trip to MESHAD for ten days all of patients participate and work to prepare trip properties. They live, participate and work for 10 days together. Then after intervention again patients reassessed with Daily Living Skills Scale, and mean of before and after scores compared with paired T test. Results showed means of score increase from 116.87 to 135.49, comparing mean of before and after means with paired T test was significant. recreational interventions can promote social skills in schizophrenic patients.

Sway Back posture is one of the most common postural deformity.This study aimed to define Sway back posture prevalence and quantitatively meassure of the joints alignment in it. In this cross sectional descriptive study The posture of 51 female students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences at an average of 22.05±2.44 years was evaluated. First, subjects completed a general characteristics questionnaire. Scond, the amount of their pelvic sway was measured by a grid paper and plumb line. When the plumb line passed the more than 3cm posterior to mid point of ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine) - PSIS (Posterior Superior Jliac Spine) axis, the subjects were categorized in Sway back posture. Then with goniometer alignment of hip, knee and ankle joints were measured. Also, the pelvic inclination and kyphosis and lordosis angles were measured with a Pelvic Inclinometer and Flexicurve Ruler, respectively. The mean value of lordosis in Sway back posture group was greater than normal group (p = 0.004). Though the amount of kyphosis and anterior tilt were greater in Sway back posture than normal group, but did not show any significant difference between them (P>0.05). In Sway back posture group, the hip and knee joints tend to flexion. The ankle showed dorsiflexion which had a significant corelation with the pelvic sway. The prevalence of this deformity was 39.2% and was more common than other spinal deformities in young female subjects. This study indicated that the prevalence of the Sway back posture in the population of our study is high (39.21%). Also, indicated that the lordose increased and the pelvic displaced to anterior without noticeable changing in alignment of the thorasic region, joint of lower extremity and pelvic inclination.

The purpose of this study was to determine the motor skills differences between girls and boys (aged 7) in Tehran in 2004. This research was analytical descriptive The subjects were 120 children includes 60 girls and 60 boys. those were selected by simple random sampling at the first grade of primary School. Each subject was individually assessed by Lincoln Oseretsky motor developmental scale. The findings of this research after data analysis by spss soft ware and sample t Test indicated that: There is not any significant differences between total score of motor skills, total balance score, static and dynamic balance with open eyes, bilateral motor coordination, upper limbs coordination, upper and lower limbs coordination, velocity and dexterity of hand movements in boys and girls (P>0/005). The only Significant differences between boys and girls motor skills is eye hand coordination (P<0/03). The findings of this research is used to better planning and defining the theraputic and educational programs in the field of motor development.

By taking into account that understanding the primary needs of disabled girls and women is essential in finding a suitable solution to their problems, the main objective of the current research was based on the investigation of the needs and the problems of girls and women with physical disabilities in Tehran (capital of Iran). This research has been carried out in a descriptive manner. The participants of this research were 216 girls and women with physical disability who were selected among 1395 clients of the welfare organization in Tehran through a systematic randomized method. Data collection was carried out using an 82-question questionnaire designed by the researchers. The questionnaire compiled by reviewing current resources on the subject and based on discussions carried out within focus groups. It was finalized after determining its validity and reliability. Examining the needs and problems of girls and women with physical disability, in general, made clear their priorities in each area. Priorities for educational needs: promoting the awareness of society through education, providing vocational training employment needs: accessible transportation, allocation of special employment opportunities for them (quota system) need for starting a family: the possibility of meeting their future husbands before marriage provided by their families, consultation before marriage their main needs regarding transportation: improving pedestrian pavements and public pathways, provision of a special transport service taking account of their particular disability need for rehabilitation services: rehabilitation aids and educational services leisure time: financial help for using sports-recreational facilities, provision of sports facilities for girls and women with physical disability their needs for establishing communication:, receiving a normal reaction from non-disabled people while dealing with their needs and problems and believing in their abilities rather than their disabilities, presence of a family member when in public places. The following comprises their priorities of problems in the different fields. Educational field: difficulties of transportation and mobility, the lack of educational resources and facilities employment: again the problems of transportation and mobility, the lack of legislative protection of their employment problems in marital life: the interference of others, domestic tasks Violence: violent behaviour and indifference mobility and transportation: the unsuitability of public transport in regards to their specific needs, pedestrian pavements and public pathways difficulties in spending their leisure time: the absence of special or appropriate transport for access to recreational places, the financial shortage for using the facilities of these places. The findings of our research revealed the priorities of needs and problems of girls and women with physical disabilities from their point of view. In the different fields including: Oeducation, employment, martial life, transportation, treatment and rehabilitatin, leisure timeo and communication.

In this paper that is a part of a greater study, we tried to assess the factors that affected management of health care services at the time of disasters. The present study was conducted by grounded theory. 16 participants consist of 4 nurses, 1 social worker, 1 psychologist, 2 psychiatrists, 1 general physician, 1 health professional, 1 epidemiologist, 1 master in health, 1 nurse aid and 3 Bam residents. All of them at least have one experience at disaster. 14 of them were male and 2 of them were female and their average age was 37. Semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering. All of interviews were transcribed verbatim (word by word) and simultaneously constant comparative analysis was used according to Strauss and Corbin's method. The management was mentioned by participants of the study. Planning, organization, coordination and participation of the other countries were inferred in the interviews. Lack of planning and discipline at the health care delivery, undetermined duties, overlapping, in coordination between health staff and managers, self centrism, weakness of WHO at absorption and coordination humanitarian international assistances are the most important factors that hindered health care services at the time of disaster. Appropriate management with due attention to planning, preceding preparedness based on past experiences and information's obtained from assessment of affected region and deciding based on information, covering enough personnel, correct and fast job distribution, early communication, early coordination inter and between groups by using information, appreciating humanitarian international assistance and establishing good relationship with them, can facilitate health care services at the time of disasters. Acquired preparedness before the impact of disasters, consideration the role of national, provincial, regional and local planning, covering enough personnel, fast and correct job distribution for health care delivering, coordination of distributing personnel and equipments, coordination by central committee settled at the affected region, absorption international participation with good relationship, prepare good condition for health care services at disasters.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system. The main pattern of neuropsychological impairment in M.S. patients characterized with deficits of attention and memory. Memory problem are known to occur in approximately 50% to 60% of people with M.S. The purpose of the present study is to asses memory function in M.S. patients. 40 M.S. patients (30 patients suffering from as relapsing – remitting and 10 patients are chronic progressive M.S.) assessed using Luria – Nebraska memory scale. All of multiple sclerosis patients (without sever depresive state evaluated by BDI) exhibited significant impairments in all of memory veriable (verbal, non - verbal, delayed and whole memory performance) as compared with control groups (normal subjects). Difference of memory performance between the patients with two type of M.S. were not significant. Furthermore no significant relation was found between memory loss and MRI lesions. This study is guidedas such one can lead to a better understanding of memory deficits in M.S. patients. In addition, specific rehabilitation strategies can be planed on the patterns of memory impairment in M.S. patients.

Stress is a complex and individual phenomenon and unseparable part of human life that sometimes causes problems. If human can not be compatible with stress, he will be hurt physically and mentally. tending to be compatible with stress is a positive way that causes health improvement. Therefore, the aim of present study, is evaluation of stress inoculation training effect on stress of nurses within medical-educational centers in Qom. This study was quasi-experimental. 200 nurses were evaluated. We selected 60 nurses with simple random sampling and divided them to experimental & control groups. Instrument was Derogatis stress profile (DSP). All nurses were evaluated with (DSP) before Intervention, then stress inoculation training workshop was implemented for experimental group in 2 days. Two weeks After Intervention both groups (exp. & cont.) were evaluated with DSP questionnaire again. The results were analyzed with Pairedt Test & Independentt Test in both groups before & after Intervention. The Findings showed that average stress on environmental, personality and emotional dimensions and score of three dimensions hadnt significant difference before Intervention but this difference was significant after Intervention. stress inoculation training implementation, affects nurses stress, and it can be applied to improve cares, and also it can promote health and control stress level.

Prevalence of breast cancer was increased in recent 50 years and it affects Iranian women at least one decade younger than their counterparts in other developed countries. With awareness and ingoing to breast cancer screening prognosis will be better. Our study is intended to highlight the extent women knowledge their practice of self breast examination (SBE). [Evaluation of their awareness about SBE] In a cross-sectional descriptive study a written questionnaire was distributed to 376 women aged 12-70 years in women clinic ward of Baqiyatollah and Najmieh Hospitals to assess their attitudes to knowledge and practice of SBE (It was an unelected population study). Their responses were then collected analyzed with SPSS version 11.5 Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. 64.6% of respondents had different kinds of education about SBE. 49.4% of them had practiced it occasionally but 27.4% do it regularly and 23.7% do it on time and only 3% of them practiced it both regularly and on time. In the women on our study there is either no awareness about SBE or do not practice it regularly and / or on time. Then we suggest establishing breast self examination education programs and encouraging women to SBE. There is need for a regular vigorous education program and encouragement our women to pay attention to SBE rather than before. It is hoped that this will help to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer. Also it can improve treatment and promote health and welfare.

Stomatitis or Oral Mucositis is a significant problem in patients treated with chemotherapy. The frequency of this side effect is estimated to range from 40% to 100%. Stomatitis is painful and can interfere with eating, drinking, and daily life. For the person with cancer, either condition can also lead to a risk of increased infection, hospitalization, mortality and delay in cancer treatments. The aim of this research is to measure effect of chamomile mouthwash in the protection of chemotherapy induced stomatitis.

The type of this research is double blind clinical trial for measuring the effects of chamomile mouthwash in the protection of chemotherapy induced stomatitis in Tabriz Ghazzi Oncology Center. 28 patients in case group and 14 patients in control group were involved. Patients (Case group) were prescribed qid chamomile for 16 days and two colleagues controlled the mucus of mouth charily who were not been informed about the type of mouthwash.

The Findings show that the chamomile mouthwash had significant effect in prevention (stomatitis and pain violence and stomatitis survival) of chemotherapy-induced stomatitis (P<0.05).

Regarding the fact that the only and prominent way to prevention of chemotherapy-induced stomatitis is the usage of suitable mouthwash, so the usage of chamomile mouthwash is effective in protection of stomatitis in such patients and has improved the quality of treatment and quality of life in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

In the 8th edition (1910) of "Psychiatric: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Arzte", Kraepelin stated that a "particular group of cases with extremely serious cell alterations" were discussed by Alzheimer. Those changes were: "Excessively numerous plaques, dying of almost one-third of the cortical cells, and peculiar, deeply stained bundles of neurofibrils in place of them". According to Kraepelin, these changes: "represent the most serious forms of senile dementia". Kraepeline mentioned "Alzheimer's Disease" for the first time when he stated that: "The clinical interpretation of this Alzheimer's Disease is still unclear". Since that time, there were doubts about the diagnosis of Auguste Deter's illness (the first case that Alzheimer introduced in 1906), and why did Kraepelin name this condition as Alzheimer's Disease. Now after 99 years there seem to be reliable answers to these questions. Description of Auguste Deter's Dementia by Alzheimer in 1907, and then By Perusini in 1909, indicated the senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Besides, Perusini restudied the brain of this case and found no significant signs of arteriosclerosis. In 1998, scientists at the Max Planck Institue of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany, and at the University of Munich, rediscovered brain sections of the first reported case of Alzheimer's disease. Examination of these tissue sections showed a large number of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. So, this case represents a typical example of Alzheimer's disease according to today's standards. It is interesting, too, that in 1997 Dr. Graeber and his colleagues in Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuromorphology, Martinsried, Germany, had identified well-preserved histological brain sections of Alzheimer's second case, known as Johann F. Examination of the patient's brain revealed numerous amyloid plaques, but no neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex, corresponding to a less common form of Alzheimer's disease which may be referred to as "Plaque only". The researchers in Max Panck Institute performed mutational screening of exon 17 of the amyloid precursor protein gene and genotyping for apolipoprotein E alleles. The patient was shown to be homozygous for aplipoprotein E allele epsilon 3 and lacked APP mutations at codons 692, 693, 713 and 717. With regard to the brain sections of Auguste D., genotyping for the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele revealed absence of this Alzheimer's disease "risk factor" but at the same time demonstrated that mutation analysis of the more than 90 year old brain tissue was still feasible. In the hundredth anniversary of Dr. Alzheimer's historical exploration, his findings are newly confirmed.