فصلنامه آرشیو توانبخشی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 33، پاییز1388)

The purpose of this research is determining the instructional games effect on learning of some mathematics concepts in boy students with educable mentally retarded. The method of this research is quasi-experimental. By convenient sampling two elementary schools mentally retarded boys were selected and all of their first grade students were assigned to experimental and control groups randomly (8 students in each group). The mathematical concepts presented to experimental group via instructional games and regulatory teaching style conduced to control group. The instruments consist of four investigator’s inventive instructional games, four investigator’s inventive sub-tests and an investigator’s inventive post-test. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. There was significant difference between two groups in total score of mathematics concepts (P=0.025). As well as, the intervention caused increased the means of numbers in experimental group in each of concept than of control group, but their difference was not significant. Instructional games can improve learning of mathematics concept in mentally retarded students.

Voice onset time is known to be cue for the distinction between voiced and voiceless stops and it can be used to describe or categorize a range of developmental, neuromotor and linguistic disorders. The aim of this study is determination of standard values of voice onset time for Azerbaijani language (Tabriz dialect). In this description-analytical study, 30 Azeris persons whom were selected conveniently by simple selection, uttered 46 monosyllabic words initiating with 6 Azerbaijani stops twice. Using Praat software, the voice onset time values were analyzed by waveform and wideband spectrogram in milliseconds. Vowel effect, sex differences and the effect of place of articulation on VOT, were evaluated and data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. There was no significant difference in voice onset time between male and female Azeris speakers (P<0.05). Vowel and place of articulation had significant correlation with voice onset time (P<0.001). Voice onset time values for /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, and [c], [ɟ] allophones were 10.64, 86.88, 13.35, 87.09, 26.25, 100.62, 131.19, 63.18 mili second, respectively. Voice onset time values are the same for Azerbaijani men and women. However, like many other languages, back and high vowels and back place of articulation lengthen VOT. Also, voiceless stops are aspirated in this language and voiced stops have positive VOT values.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. Psychosocial interventions such as group parent management training are needed, for children's behaviors and parent – child interaction. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of group parent management training on behavioral disorders among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In this interventional and quasi experimental study, fifty four children with ADHD were selected from seven mental occupational therapy clinics of Tehran city.They were assigned into two Equal groups and all of them received routine occupational therapy and medication. Parent management training program by using positive parenting program (triple p) manual (Sanders 2005) was added to the Intervention Group program. These sessions lasted 2 hours a week for 8 weeks. Data collection tools were 2 questionnaires: Demographic questionnaire and Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS 48). Statistical snalysis of data was done by chi square, Independent T test, Paired T test and analysis of covariance. Although both groups showed significant improvement in all subscales of behavioral questionnaire (CPRS) pretest, improvement of intervention group score was more significantly than control group in conduct subscale (P<0.001), anxiety (P<0.001), hyperactivity index (P=0.016) and total score (P<0.001). But in psychosomatic subscale (P=0.526), learning subscale (P=0.052) and impulsion and hyperactivity subscale (P=0.267) there was no significant difference between two groups. Group parent management training is significantly effective in decreasing behavioral disorders and anxiety status of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and this psychosocial intervention could be used as an effective complementary method beside medication and occupational therapy programs.

Gross motor activities ability or disability influence on children cognitive performance and their social behavior. This study is aimed to investigation the effect of gross motor activities on attention process (sustained attention, attention shift) of boy students with Down syndrome who are 8 – 12 years old. In this interventional and experimental study, 26 boy students with Down syndrome from 4 schools (Shahid Beheshti, Ahya, Peydayesh and Piroozi) were selected and administered by attention tests(sustained attention, attention shift) and Lincoln Oseretsky development scale. Then they were assigned into two groups randomly. Intervention group received gross motor activities programs for 8 weeks (2 times in a week). Then two groups were administered by attention tests and Lincoln Oseretsky development scale again. Data were analyzed by using paired T-test and Independent T- test. There was no significant difference in control group in attention tests between before and after intervention (sustained attention P=0.654, attention shift P=0.163) and Oseretsky development scale (P=0.337), but significant differences were observed in intervention group (P<0.001). Score of decreasing interruption of task revealed that there were significant differences in intervention (P<0.001) and control group (P<0.001). Gross motor activities interventions significantly affect on the process of attention (sustained attention, shift attention) in students with Down syndrome.

Since presence of cerebral palsied child affects the life quality of family and specially family caregivers, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of education to caregivers about caring of children with cerebral palsy on quality of life of them. In this interventional and quasi-experimental study, twenty five family caregivers of spastic cerebral palsy children were selected based on inclusion criteria from welfare centers of Babolsar. Instruction courses performed 6-8 sessions and each session takes 30 minutes. The quality of life was assessed using SF36 (short form health survey with 36 question) at the beginning and 3 months after the instruction courses. Paired T test and Wilcoxon nonparametric test were used for data analysis. The scores of quality of life followed by instruction courses showed that there was meaningful improvement in whole of eight realms, both total realms of physical health and mental health, as well as total quality of life (P<0.001). The minimum increase in mean difference found in mental health(11.36±13.59) and the maximum increase found in emotional role (50.66±87.24). The amount of change between pre test and post test in the score of total quality of life was (13.18±13.54). Findings of this study showed that life quality of family caregivers promoted after instruction about how to do correct care on cerebral palsied children. therefore, the importance of family instruction can be concluded for better life of cerebral palsied child caregivers. It should be noted that the effectiveness of rehabilitation program for cerebral palsied children might have positive effects on life quality of their caregivers.

Fatigue is one of the tormentest symptom of the Multiple Sclerosis that decrease self care ability and role performance of patients and potential of activity of daily living. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Orem self- care program on fatigue and activity of daily living (ADL) in Multiple Sclerosis clients. This quasi experimental study was a clinical trial research that was done on seventy multiple sclerosis patients whom were selected randomly from M.S. association and assigned to experimental and control group by balanced randomized method. The experimental group was treated with 8 sessions of self-care program based on Orem self-care framework and the program belonged for three months in experimental group and followed up with self-report questionnaire. Score of fatigue and activity of daily living of two groups were assessed at first of research and three months later by Payper and Barthel scales. Data were analyzed using Chi square, Independent T and Paired T test and Variance analysis. There was no significant difference between two group in fatigue (P=0.48) and activity of daily living (P= 0.24) befor intervention, but these differences were significant after intervention (P<0.001). There were significant differences in experimental group between before and after score of fatigue and ADL (P<0.001), whereas there was no significant difference in fatigue (P=0.086) and ADL (P=0.33) of control group. Utilizing self care program base on the Orem frame work and the educational needs as a safe and inexpensive nursing intervention, it might be effective on fatigue decrease and activity of daily living enhance in Multiple Sclerosis patients.

The purpose of this study is to compare muscle activation pattern between patients with shoulder impingement syndrome and healthy subjects during selected functional task. In this comparative and case-control study, fifteen patients with shoulder impingement syndrome as case group were selected simply and conveniently from Avesta orthopedic clinic and fifteen healthy subjects as control group were selected on the basis ofAWT IMAGE matching with patients. In each group selected exercises including open kinetic chain with and without external load and closed kinetic chain with axial load was done and during each exercises surface electromyography (EMG) from selected muscle including Superior Trapezius, Infraspinatus and Anterior, Middle and Posterior Deltoid recorded. Independent T-test used for data analysis. Generally two groups showed different muscle activity during kinetic chain exercises. There were significant differences in relative muscle latency times between two groups in superior Trapezius, Infraspinatus and three regions of Deltoid muscle (P<0.05). Changes in muscle recruitment pattern are task dependent that this may be due to direction of movement and axial compression loading in subacromial space. Among all selected exercises in D2E (Diagonal 2 Extension) minimum changes and in tripod maximum changes (in time domain) were seen.

Pragmatics is the study of speech acts and social aspects of communicative interactions in context. Hearing-impaired children suffer from language impairments due to lack of hearing sense which has important role in developing language skills. The purpose of this study is comparison of some of pragmatic skills including topic maintenance, turn-taking and repairs between 4 to 6 year-old Farsi speaking hard of hearing children with normal hearing peers. In this cross-sectional and case-control research, twenty one normal hearing children were chosen by simple random sampling method from ordinary kindergartens and twenty one hard of hearing children (71-95 db) were selected from deaf rehabilitation centers and speech therapy clinics of Tehran and Karaj by simple sampling method. The children of both groups were assessed by nonverbal intelligence subtests. If they did not show any difficulties, the pragmatic skills of them (topic maintenance, turn-taking and repair) were evaluated by researcher made tasks which their content validity was confirmed by a linguistic and two speech and language pathologists and reliability of them was determined by test-retest (0.70) There were significant differences between two groups in duration of topic maintenance (P<0.001), scores of turn-talking (P<0.001), repairs in form of reply to request for clarification (P=0.003) and request for clarification (P=0.002). The pragmatic abilities of hearing-impaired children were Significantly lower than those of normal hearing.

Given high prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse in female, and necessity of effect assessment of it's risk factors in various societies, this study was aimed to investigate the correlation of thoracic and lumbar spinal curvature as well as pelvic tilt changes with pelvic organ prolapse. In this cross-sectional and case-control study, fifteen females with pelvic organ prolapse, on the basis ofAWT IMAGE inclusion criteria were selected by simple and convenient sampling from Imam Khomeini and Akbar abadi hospitals patients as case group. Also, fifteen females with zero or first degree of prolapse were selected by matching with cases as control group. Prolapse condition of both groups participants was assessed by pelvic organ prolapse qualification (POP-Q) system and spinal curvature of thoracic and lumbar as well as pelvic tilt were assessed by flexicurve ruler and pelvic inclinometer, respectively. Data were analyzed by Kolmogroff-Smirnoff, Independent T and Multiple Logistic Regression tests. There was no significant difference between two groups in kyphosis (P=0.26), lordosis (P=0.52) and pelvic tilt (P=0.41). Although the results of study do not show significant correlation between kyphosis, lordosis and pelvic tilt with pelvic organ prolapse occurrence but similar direction of changes in the variables with our hypothesis and other studies preserve the likelihood of relationship between the increasing of kyphosis and decreasing of lordosis in pelvic organ prolapse in a large statistic society.