فصلنامه آرشیو توانبخشی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 38، زمستان 1389)

This study was aimed to determine visual perceptual skills of normal children aged 7 to 13 years in Tehran, comparing visual perceptual skills between boys and girls, age groups and student of different educational areas and finding the correlation among subtests with each other and subtests with total test. In this cross sectional study 788 children aged 7 to 13 years old from 40 elementary and high schools of 5 educational areas of Tehran were selected by simple randomized and proportional to size method of sampling. Subjects were categorized in 3 age groups and then they were assessed by TVPS-R. The data were analyzed by statistical tests including Kolmogorov Smirnov, Bartllet, Analyze of variances, Independent T test, Kruskal-Wallis, U mann-whitney and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS software. According to results, standard scores for all visual perceptual skills were about average (Visual Perceptual Quotient=94.68). Analysis of data revealed significant differences among age groups in visual perceptual skills except Visual Memory and Visual Sequential Memory (from P=0.045 for Visual Closure to P<0.001 for Visual Form Constancy). Students of different educational areas in Tehran had significant differences in visual perceptual skills (P<0.001 for all visual skills). No significant differences were found between girls and boys in five of visual perceptual skills but there was significant difference between them in Visual Form Constancy (P=0.009), Visual Figure Ground (P<0.001) and Visual Perceptual Quotient (P=0.011). Correlation between subtests and total test was higher (Rho>0.617) but it was lower among subtests to each other (Rho<0.508). The results of this study determined the visual perceptual skills scores in normal children. These scores will play as criteria for next studies especially the ones related to abnormal children.

Chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is one of the most important and worst types of peripheral nervous system, especially in upper extremity. The aim of this study was determination of the effect of a combined rehabilitation program in the treatment of patients with CRPS type I. In this quasi-experimental and before-after study, 20 patients with chronic regional pain syndrome were selected simply and their pain, range of motion, edema and muscular strength were examined and recorded before intervention. Then, patients under went a combined treatment programs included some modalities from physical and occupation therapy. Patients attended at clinic for 20 therapeutic sessions with one day intervals. Finally, data were analyzed using paired–t test. Post operatively, pain and edema were decreased and range of motion and grip strength was increased significantly (P > 0.05). Current study demonstrated that early and combined physical and occupational therapy efficient in the treatment of patients suffering from CRPS type I. This combined program can relieve pain and edema and increase ROM and grip strength.

The purpose of this study was to investigate development of the theory of mind (TOM) of mentally retarded students and its relationship with the number of siblings. This descriptive study was in correlation determination type, the total number of 8-14 years old mentally retarded students (59 people) who were studying in 1st to 5th degree of primary school in Mee’aad education center of Torbat-e Heidarieh (the only male education center of Torbat-e Heidarieh) in academic year 2008-09 participated. To collect data of theory of mind (TOM) Unexpected-content task and 38-item test of theory of mind were used. In order to analyze data, ANOVA, Scheffe, Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi- square were carried out. The first and second level of the evolution theory of mind of the mentally retarded students ascending to 12 years (P<0.001) and then fixed (P=0.87). But that theory of mind development which was measured by Unexpected-content task, was ascending (P=0.02). Also, the number of siblings was not statistically significantly correlated with theory of mind development of mentally retarded students (P=0.52). Theory of mind development of mental retarded students varies based on that type of task being used to assess. In total, the claim of Theory-Theory approach, that says theory of mind development is on the basis of necessary processes, could be accepted. Also those theories which are based on cultural-social approaches calming that experience with other people causes development of mind understanding need to be more examined.

Active straight leg raising (SLR) test is advocated as a valid diagnostic method in diagnosis of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction that can assess the quality of load transfer between trunk and lower limb. The aim of this study is Comparison of changes in tonicity and activity of pelvic stabilizer muscles during active SLR, between healthy individuals and patients with sacroiliac joint pain. A case – control study was designed in 26 women (19-50 years old). With use of simple sampling, surface electromyography from rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, adductor longus, erector spine, gluteus maximus and biceps femoris was recorded in 26 subjects (15 healthy females and 11 females with sacroiliac pain) in resting position and during active SLR test. Resting muscle tonicity and rms during ramp time and hold time in active SLR test were assessed by non parametric-two independent sample test. Biceps femoris activity in resting position was significantly larger in patients group (P<0.05). During the active SLR, the women with sacroiliac joint pain used much less activity in some pelvic stabilizer muscles compared to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). The increased resting tonicity of biceps femoris and decreased activity of pelvic stabilizer muscles in subjects with sacroiliac joint pain, suggests an alteration in the strategy for lumbopelvic stabilization that may disrupt load transference through the pelvis.

The evaluation of the quality of motor abilities by the means of a standard instrument is important diagnostic parameter which leads to discovery of probable disabilities and developmental delay in childhood. Hence, to achieve a standard complete tool for measuring of indigenous children motor abilities by way of standardization of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) was the aim of this study. In this descriptive study 150 normal children aged 60 - 71 months with identical gender distribution were selected by multiple cluster sampling among kindergartens of 6 urban districts of Shiraz and their gross and fine motor abilities were evaluated by PDMS. Reliability and validity of PDMS was examined initially. Afterwards, in order to standard the scale according to study population motor abilities, the raw scores which result of the evaluation of motor performance, transformed to standard scores. High correlation coefficients proved that PDMS was reliable and valid. With reference to the reliability, as a case in point, Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) repeated test by the same therapist was 0.987 for gross motor scale and 0.971 for fine motor scale. Compiling the standardized tables by transforming raw scores to standard scores are the other significant findings of the study. Clinicians and therapists could utilize PDMS as a standard and accurate device for examining motor characteristics of 60 - 71 months children. And, they can make a correct decision by evaluating the patient first and then matching up the data with standardized table based on this study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of corrective exercises on flexibility and strength in Postural Scoliosis of adolescent girls. This quasi experimental research was applied as a clinical trial and had done on 40 girls with postural scoliosis those were selected by convenient sampling and assigned to control (n=20) and experimental (n=20) group by simple randomized method. The experimental group received corrective exercises for 30 days and the control group was given no intervention. Flexibility and strength was measured before and after 30 days in all subjects. Data were analyzed by use of Paired T and Independent T tests. There was statistically significant difference in Flexibility and Strength of experimental group between before and after intervention (P<0/001), but There was no significant difference between groups after intervention (P=0.6). This study demonstrates that corrective exercises can lead to improvement of flexibility and strength in scoliosis girls.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the Relationship of coping styles and self-efficacy with satisfaction of physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy rehabilitation practitioner students with their clinical experience as a therapist. The study sample includes 318 rehabilitation practitioner students witch selected with proportional stratified sampling model. Rehabilitation Practitioner students includes 140 physical therapy students, 97 occupational therapy students, and 81 speech therapy students. Data were collected through Ways of coping questionnaire, general self-efficacy and clinical experience satisfaction questionnaire, and then analyzed with the help of correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results show that satisfaction with clinical experience was positively and significantly correlated with positive reappraisal coping in all students in three branches.(P<0/05). Seeking social support and planful problem-solving coping was positively and significantly correlated with satisfaction with clinical experience in physical therapy and occupational therapy students. (P<0/05). Also, satisfaction with clinical experience in all students was positively and significantly correlated with self-efficacy. (P<0/001). Results show that self efficacy, in all students in three branches, and has more portion in predict of satisfaction with clinical experiences. The findings show that coping styles and self-efficacy positively and significantly predict of satisfaction with clinical experiences in three branches.

This study compares the effect of speech therapy and picture exchange communication system (PECS) on communication development of 4-8 year old autistic children. This is an experimental and comparison study. In this study 10 subjects including PECS and speech therapy groups were selected using the available sampling method on the base of including and excluding criteria. Both groups were matched according to age and developmental indices of Niusha scale. Dependent variables were listening, receptive language, expressive language, cognition, speech and social communication. Intervention was applied for both groups similarly divided in 40 minute sessions 3 times a weak for 3 months. Our parameters were evaluated by Niusha development scale before and after interventions. The results were analyzed clinically and statistically by sum-ranks willkokson and rank- signed willkokson. Post test comparison between the two groups revealed that the members of PECS group had a more progress in listening, receptive language, cognition and social communication skills rather than speech therapy group. But these differences were not significant statistically and T(sum ranks) was between critical values. considering the results, it could be concluded that PECS is a effective strategy to train non-verbal autistic children. Moreover it could be used as a supplement teaching method beside other therapeutic method such as speech therapy.

It has been many years that brain lesion analysis of different aphasia Syndromes has led the foundation to investigate the language representation and organization in the brain. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between brain lesion location and Broca's aphasia and Wernecke's aphasia in Persian speakers with stroke.

In a single system design study, from 120 patients with stroke attending Emam Khomeyni and Loghman hospitals, Rofeyde, Karaj neurology, and Tabassom speech clinics and according to the Farsi Aphasia Test (FAT), syntactic comprehension subscale of Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT), Farsi Aphasia Naming Test, and Apraxia Assessment inventory, only 9 patients with Broca’s aphasia and 2 with Wernicke’s aphasia were qualified to participate in this study. Patients’ brain lesion sites were determined by MRI. Patients with Broca’s aphasia were 5 male and 4 female Wernecke’s aphasia patients were 2 male.

External capsule-insula, rolandic operculum, inferior frontal gyrus, (precentral gyrus and postcentarl gyrus), and the anterior part of temporal gyrus were damaged in Broca’s aphasia patients (64 ± 12.51 years old) and the lesions of external capsule-insula, posterior part of temporal gyrus, anterior part of temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule were observed in Wernicke’s aphasia patients (66 ± 8.48 years old).

In no patient with Broca’s aphasia or Wernicke’s aphasia brain lesion confined only to Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area respectively. However, due to the limited number of participants in the present study, the extrapolation of the findings to other subjects with Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia would certainly be difficult.

This research was aimed at investigating the theory of multiple resources and central resource of attention on secondary task performance of talking with two types of cell phone during driving. Using disposal sampling, 25 male participants were selected and their reaction to auditory stimulus in three different driving conditions (no conversation with phone, conversation with handheld phone and hands-free phone) were recorded. Driving conditions have been changed from a participant to another participant in order to control the sequence of tests and participants familiarity with the test conditions. the results of data analysis with descriptive statistics and Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity, One- factor repeated measures ANOVA and Paired-Samples T test showed that different driving conditions can affect the reaction time (P <0 /001). Conversation with a handheld phone increases drivers’ simple reaction time to simple auditory stimulus (P > 0/001). Phone Conversation with hands-free phone increases drivers’ simple reaction time to auditory stimulus (P <0 /001). Using handheld phone does not increase drivers’ reaction time to auditory stimulus over hands-free phone (P = 0/861). The results confirmed that the performance quality of dual tasks and multiple tasks can be predicted by Four-dimensional multiple resources model of attention and all traffic laws in connection with the handheld phone also have to be spread to the use of hands-free phone.

To translate the WHO’s quality of life questionnaire، WHOQOL-100، into Persian language and assess the validity and reliability of this translated version. To translate the questionnaire، a forward-backward procedure is used. A pilot sample of 60 university students was recruited to assess the repeatability and concurrent validity of the instrument. Then، 500 healthy and 500 disabled individuals were randomly selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. The internal consistency of the Persian version of the WHOQOL-100 was evaluated using the Cronbach’s alpha in this sample. In addition، a multiple linear regression model was utilized for assessing the discriminant validity of this instrument adjusting for different confounders. The test-retest analysis of the data from the pilot sample showed that the Persian version of the WHOQOL-100 has acceptable repeatability (ICCs for all six domains were more than 0. 7). Also، computing the correlation between domains of WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF showed satisfactory concurrent validity. Analyzing the data from 500 healthy and 500 disabled persons revealed that all the domains of WHOQOL-100 met the minimum level of acceptable internal consistency. The multiple regression results showed acceptable discriminant validity for all domains of this version of the WHOQOL-100، expect for the spiritual domain. In general the Persian version of the WHOQOL-100 had satisfactory reliability and validity for assessing the quality of life in Iranian people. However، further research is recommended for challenging the problem of the spiritual domain.