نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 65، تابستان 1394)

The purpose of this study is the amount of sound pollution in the region 5 of Tehran. This area because the population density, residential neighborhood with various highway, too many traffic and transportation are important for attention. This study was done in mordad and tir mounts in 1390 that in 61 stations on three state in peak hour traffic that sounds parameters were measured then getting into GIS software of data geograpic and layers of information to provide amount of pollution in the region, was determine disruption of sound pollution, critical point and the regions whithout sound pollution. In this study used 260 questionnaire. The average of Equivalent Noise level (Leq) in the the region 5 of Tehran was 72.3 dB(A) that maximum valu of Leq have been registered in station bridge to the air industry in amount of 80.7 dB(A) and the least amount registered in the station kohsar park in amount of 55.9dB(A) also maximum amount of the indexes sounds (L90, L10) Traffic Noise Index (TNI) and Level of Noise Pollution (LNP) each respective values 90 dB(A), daneshgahe elmi va carbordi station, 80.3 dB(A) Tehran- karaj highway station and 106.2dB(A) station of ferdos- aghil and 92.2 dB(A) in thedaneshgahe elmi va karbordi station respectively. As the results show in all of the stations of measurement of noise, Equivalent NoiseLevel was measured more than the day standard level of Iran.

Oil and gas industry with respect to the quality and quantity of raw materials, intermediate and final products, as well as having three properties of high complexity, low flexibility and high vulnerability are critical industries and occurrence of an event in aspects of human, environmental and economic can be disaster. The overall benefits of this research could be defined as assessing the HSE performance quantitatively based on the multi attributes decision making method in order to create a motivation for different gas companies to make them improve themselves. This work started with observing the processes of the sites of 4 groups of companies in the Iran National Gas Company namely: Provincial Gas, Development & Engineering, Gas Distribution and Refinery, gathering and classifying the effective parameters on HSE management system along with hard-work parameters too. Then the data was analyzed with TOPSIS method. Analyzing gathered data and indexes by TOPSIS was resulted to ranking the studied companies as follow: with the final score of 0.74, 0.55, 0.40 and 0.19 from 1 respectively. In this study to compare the performance of the gas companies, 29 indicators (23 HSE indicators, and 6 indicators of hard work) were developed and TOPSIS method were used to rank mentioned companies.

Contamination of soils by heavy metals has become an important issue in environmental problems. Chromium contamination has been found in industrial areas and occurs intwo oxidation states in soils: Cr (VI) as a toxic metal by significantly high mobility and Cr (III) as anontoxic with lower mobility compared to Cr (VI) which strongly adsorbed onto soils. Electrokinetic (EK) coupled with permeable reactive barriers (PRB)-particularly nano scale zero valent iron (nZVI)- is among innovative technologies of soil remediation.The effectiveness of pH controlling at EK process reservoirs, in the case of electrokinetic-nZVI barrier is investigated in the present study. the research showed that the reduction efficiency could be improved to 20% when nZVI barrier is used. pH value in EK-nZVI experiments was maintained at 2 and 4 in anode reservoir as well as anode-cathode reservoirs. The results revealed that in lower pH conditions, the reduction efficiency was improved up to 82%.

One of the quality parameters of combustion is Diesel index (DI) that Indicating thedegree and quality of diesel fuel. One of the methods that can be measured this parameter without spending too much time is the ASTM D 611 standard.

In this study to produce biodiesel fuel was used ethanol and by transesterification method from seven kinds of vegetable oils (corn, soybean, rice bran, grape seed,olive, sunflower and rapeseed) method was used. In order to get the diesel index, determination ofaniline point and the API degree is required. Therefor Aniline point was evaluated by ASTM D611- 04.

The results showed that the values of index of diesel fuels produced form from Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Composition are in 38-45 range. While the DI value of diesel fuel is 51.56. Also, the results presented that the low values of density of biodiesel fuels is reduced the degree of API.

An important aspect of water quality is the potential for scaling and corrosion. The occurrence of either of these two phenomena can increase maintenance costs and shorten the lifespan of the water supply and distribution systems as well as impair water hygiene and aesthetics. The main goals of this study were to evaluate the potential for corrosion and/or scaling of the groundwater of the Lordegan aquifer, and to map relevant indices. For this purpose, data from 32 wells, five qanats and five springs, all located in the Lordegan plain, were used to calculate Langelier saturation and Ryznar stability indices. Kriging interpolation method was used to create maps of the stability indices. Based on the Langelier index, 93 percent of samples had low to moderate potential for scaling and only 7 percent of the samples had high potential for scaling. Based on the Ryznar index, 6 percent of samples had less to moderate corrosion potential and 38 percent of the samples had a high potential for corrosion. In general, due to the presence of carbonatic geological formations, the scaling potential of this groundwater is dominant over its corrosion potential. Based on the Langelier index, 76 percent of the Lordegan aquifer area (i.e. 4500 ha) has low scaling potential and based on the Ryznar index 84 percent of the Lordegan aquifer area (i.e. 5040 ha) has low to moderate corrosion potential. Overall, scaling or corrosion in drinking water and drip irrigation systems does not seem to be a significant problem. These results, however, only pertain to normalwater temperature.

Tehran urban & suburban metro is one of the most crowded public transports that active in 5 main line and Four terminals (Sadeghieh terminal, Mehrshahr terminal, Fathabad terminaland Dardashtterminal) are considered for periodic major and semi-essential repairs activities, trains maintenance and …. Sadeghieh Terminal as a one of the largest and most strategic metro terminals is active at the western end of the Tehran Metro Line 2.The aims of this paper is assessing and managing the environmental risks of Sadeghieh terminal activities with the use of EFMEA method. The EFMEA method is a qualitative method that aims to identify andprioritize environmental aspects. The evaluation results shown 46 environmental risks were identified and 8/7 % of risks with low level, 78/3% of risks with medium level and 13% of risks with high level. The highest risk number is 150 that refer to washing trains activities and sanitary water uses in Sadeghieh terminal. The proposed corrective action to prevent water waste is collection and transport wastewater to treatment plant and reuse of produced water. Another proposed corrective action to prevent groundwater pollution is collection and transport wastewater to urban wastewater collection system.

The aim of this study is determining the N: P ratio which causes the maximum bloom of toxic cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos- aquae of the Caspian Sea and finding the N: P ratio that eliminates its bloom. To perfect this study, the effect of different phosphorus concentrations on the growth level was also inspected. The experiments were carried out in situ (the temperature and light intensity were kept at 25± 2 degrees centigrade and 3500± 350 lux respectively). Different N: P ratios and varying phosphorus concentrations were applied as treatments with respect to logarithmic calculations. Three replicates were considered for each treatment and one control (Zinder media). The laboratory experiments lasted 96 hours. Visual counting at the start and end of the experiments were carried out to assess the growth percentage. In this project, Anabaena bloomed in Zinder media (control) with 9.9 μg/lit ofnitrogen, 2.96 mg/lit of phosphorous and the 0.0033N:1P ratio. N: P ratios of 15: 1 to 22: 1 resulted in the maximum bloom of Anabaena flos- aquae. The maximum level of growth percentage was reached to 5219.84± 1486.69 in 18.15N: 1P ratio with 53.72 mg/lit of nitrogen and 2.96 mg/lit of phosphorus. The bloom ended at 218.86N: 1P. Studies on the effect of phosphorus concentration showed phosphorus concentration in Zinder media (2.96 mg/l) is the optimum value for Anabaena bloom. The whole results indicate, although in the presence of enough phosphorusconcentration, Anabaena bloomed even with low nitrogen concentrations (9.9 μg/l in Zinder media)by fixing atmospheric nitrogen when enough phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations supplied withlow N: P ratio the maximum bloom intensity was observed.

Dead woods cause forming natural canopy gap in forest stand and more essential for biodiversity in forests, thus most research has been on protection and existence of dead wood in forest stand. In this research by surveying the whole of field surface of about 47 hectares from one beech stand in Noshahr veisar forest, the canopy gap size and dead woods were measured. Total 14 dead woods were known in canopy gap surface that maximum number of kind sampling related to Fagus orientalis species. For measurement of dead wood decay degree, they were classified in 4 classifications. Result showed according to low slope of the field, dead trees have large height and dbh that can show most dead trees were in longevity age. Also, the passing of time causes dead wood decay degree to increase and it decreases canopy gap size. According to the conclusion, correlation of dead woods decay degree with number of regeneration per hectare was significant at 5% level.Consolation: most of sampling from regeneration was measured at surface of canopy gap by dead woods with decay degree of 3&4. Moreover, in this research canopy gap size was not significant at 5% level with regeneration per hectare.

IN today s world the environment preservation is considered as one of the major components of justice and stable development. the very concept and definition of justice connotes this right and access to it so far as the destruction and pollution of the environment inflicts irreparable damage on people not least the poor. The environment crisis has global dimensions. Enhancing thepublic culture of the environment preservation calls upon educating people of all walks of life,particularly adolescents as the societys bio-environmental harbingers. this research has beenundertaken in the interest of upgrading the public awareness of the environment preservation under the title of "the effect of mass media on bio-environmental education from the standpoint of secondary school teachers in the city of sar-pole zahab".the statistical society of the research comprised the secondary school teachers of the city of sar pole zahab (201 members) out of wich 100 were selected. the means of the research was the researcher-made questionnaire assessed by way of the simple random sampling. The questionnaire was then handed out among the sample members and their responses were collected. following this the questions of the questionnaire as well as the four variables of the research(The effect of the media on realizing the environment, spreading the bio-environmental events on the part of the media, the hnfiuence of the media on the awareness and attitude of students with regard to environment, the hnfluence of the media on the behavior and activities of students as regards the environment were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics (absolute, relative and accumulative frequencies) and non-parametric binomial test. the findings hmplied that answering all the questions on the effect of the mass media on extending the public awareness of the bio-environmental concerns(the eighth question of the questionnaire concerning the encouraging and rewarding the exemplary environment preservingstudents)was approved with over% 60 with respect to the variables of the research, except thevariables understanding the environment and positive attitude at the significance level of 5%,the zeroh hypothesis was not rejected and the effect of the media education on the awareness and attitude of students was approved at 70% or less. Considering the other variables (The effect of media education on spreading the bio-environmental events, the effect of media education on the behavior and activities of students concerning the environmental preservation), the zeroth hypothesis was rejected at the significance of 5%showing that the effect of media education on these cases is effective with more than 70%.

Saint Stephanus church is one of the famous churches of North-West of Iran located in boarder ofAras River. Mentioned place is one the tourism and promenade zone in East Azerbaijan province that has incredible potential and capacities due to its environmental perspective and recreational aspect. So, investigating recreational value of this place could be useful in predicting needs, removing scarcities and development of tourism industry in East Azerbaijan province. The main characteristic of present study was separating effective parameters for existence of recreational value and wtp levels by applying two stages Heckman approach. Requested data set were obtained by completing questionnaires and interviewing with 317 individuals who visit mentioned church in 2008. Results revealed that variables include revenues, education, family size and dummy variable of sex were effective on existing of wtp and variables such as revenues, family size, education, age and dummy variable of satisfying with welfare facilities were dominant on wtp level. Mean wtp for each visitor acquired 4800 RLs per year and annual recreational value of Saint Stephanos church was 1344 million RLs.

City parks are one of the most important urban land use and states of their distribution in city has high important in city. Zone 3 of municipal Mashhad in terms of city green space has no appropriate status so that green space per capita is 1.7 that it is away from united nation standardsand also this district in comparison to Mashhad (with 9.8 per capita) shows low proportion while the district under study in terms of population is one of the most density of Mashhad districts cityparks in order to reduction and diminish shortage and deficiencies in this district. For achieve this aim the lands of district must be valued based on criterions such as gray land, distance from educational and cultural institution, population density. Access to city infrastructure and city arteries and distance from parks and green space, than by using raster calculator model at Arc Gis. the required layers have provide and than have allocated a appropriate Weight to every layer upon their in locating green space. the 3rd zone Green space per capita is 1.7 meters, That demonstrate 774,347 square meters lack comparing with standard percapita. Considering high population density of this area, new green spaces are needed. and Base on results of combing the information layer land of district for choosing the best place for making green space, have prioritized. finally, the prioritized land compared with land use map that had consistent with present land use.

Awareness of the types of land cover and human activities as a data base of planning is important, which for optimum use of natural resources in sustainable development way to aware of ecological resources in limited time and minimum cost needed. The aim of this study has been Investigation of Cover/Land Use Structure of Sefidrood Watershed by Landscape Ecology Metrics. In this study cover/land use maps of watershed with the goal Sefidrood paper using Arc GIS 9.2 software maps the desired category and eventually became relevant measures using software Fragstat 3.3 were extracted. Measures used in the grade level (the user) in this study measures grade level, percentage area, the number of spots, total margin, shape, Land, the largest spots, the average level of spot, average spot shape index and mean nearest neighbor distances were Euclidean. Index numbers to measure tear stains classes used in this study, the largest number of spots and tear, ie the most agriculture-related classes (691) and the lowest dissociation related to the forest class (30), respectively. The highest rating land to grassland class (39/56) had the spots are more dispersed than classes and the lowest to the forest class (10/78) and in the forest of stain less dispersion of have. The highest mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance of the amount of disruption pieces spots shows a class related to the agricultural class (6747/32 m) and the lowest value was to the forest class (908/32). User disruption in agriculture is the highest amount of fragmentation can therefore be concluded their relationship with their collection has been discontinued and the notion that this is agricultural land have less integrity (fragmented more disruption) than other classes. The use of renewable resources should be a way that do not cause disturbs the balance of the environment, becuse the change in resources due to changes in ecological structure and function of Landscape is impressive in the area. However, applying principles of landscape ecology gives an initial assessment in the landcape ecological scale that on the way for rapid assessment and scientific use and emphasized services of the nature, The prioritization each of the pathes is based on their quality. So suggested utilization princpel of landscape ecology to provide structural information to design and landuse planning.

Considering the abundant profit of business of ornamental fishes, research has done about their Culture and Preservation this Study done for Survey of Suitable position of growth, Survival and introduction of Proper diet and temperature for Culture of Angel fish fry (Pterophyllum Scalar). In this study, Food treatments include dry blood worm, Artemia decapsulated cyst and dry blood worm in addition to, Artemia decapsulated cyst. Three temperature at 27, 29 and 31 degree of centigrade were considered with nine repetition andThus 27 aquariums with 60 × 40 × 30 centimeter dimension were allocated for these treatment and a treatment with pollaki food and 28 degree of centigrade was used for the observing group. Then degree of growth and survival of Angel fry was studied in 30 days. The maximum Variation of length and weigh the treatment with and decopsulated artemia cysts in oddition to, dry blood worm and the least one was the treatment with and Artemia decopsulated Cysts. The Maximum mean of Survival Percentage Belongs to temperature treatment and decapsulated Artemia Cyst in addition to dry blood warm resulting in81/212 0/877 and the minimum belogs to observant treatment which is 38/182 0.

Creeks are considered one of the key elements of spatial structure of the city Isfahan and since Safavid era, they have given Isfahan a distinctive feature, making it different from other Iranian cities. Creeks, as one of the active urban edges, have influenced the formation and quality improvement of surrounding neighborhoods and for years they have created freshness, increased the readability of urban spaces (finding directions and addresses), and created memories and a sense of belonging to a place. In today’s time, however, these identifying elements of city structure have lost their previous importance to a large degree, especially in historical neighborhoods. Several factors including shortage or lack of water, and consequently the decrease of green areas around the creeks and not using them as a public urban space, darkness and frightening areas near the walls of some creeks at night time have decreased the sense ofsecurity and reduced dynamic activities around the creeks. Therefore, the present research study aims at revitalization and quality improvement of urban edges of creeks in Isfahan through lighting. Using descriptive-analytical method, the present study has aimed at investigating the present conditions of Farshadi creek as a case study to propose strategies and measures for nighttime lighting and using color and light to give identity to the creek. These measures are extendable and can be used for other creeks and urban edges with similar features. As a result, the level of security will increase and life and activity will come back to neighborhoods at night and daytime. In lighting, especial attention should be paid to the color of light, the direction of light, LED lamp, methods and modes of lighting, and locating lamps. In addition, special features and different perceptive, functional, physical, visual, social and economic characteristics and roles of each urban edge should be taken into account in order to preserve the identity, roles and functions. By doing so, security and freshness will increase in neighborhoods and the city will be active, attractive and green at any time of day and night. Based on the present study, through using different lighting techniques and methods obtained by the experiences of the world and Iran, as well as through using the creativity and participation of the public and natives, appropriate lighting for creeks and urban edges can be designed and applied with the help of modern and economic techniques and knowledge. As a result, environmental, social, and economic sustainability of urban edges and creeks at nighttime and daytime can be achieved and activities, attraction and greenness of the city and neighborhoods can be preserved.

One of the major problems in the fabric of most cities in the world, is the crisis in the identity of urban and architecture. The physical display of the identify crisis in the cities is the spatial separation of the architectural and urban elements, in the particular and whole scales. As to the claim of this paper, an ignorance of the connective and in-between spaces is an important and impressive factor in the physical identity crisis of the historical fabrics. To obtain the mentioned objectives and to prove the hypothesis of the research, a phenomenological approach and historical analysis method are used to analyze the content of the texts. The obtained results suggest that the in-between space due to its constructive objectives takes on an equivocal nature. It becomes both the process and the product. Thus, it contributes to the formation process in order that a unified whole should emerge; it also helps simultaneously the concepts be classified and take orientation. Therefore, in a rotational movement the in-between space influences the spatial organization through its impact on the basics and principles. On the other hand, through its spatial features such as space relations, the spatial organization is influential in the development and evolution of the in-between spaces. The result emphasizes on the comprehensibility of the in-between spaces in the various urban and architectural scales, and consequently it puts emphasis on the significance of the in-between spaces as the major factors in the spatial organization.