نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 71، زمستان 1395)

Background and With influx of sustainable and renewable energy with high penetration into the production system, Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) could be used for creation of an acceptable adequate and smooth Electricity production system. CAES plants operate on electricity markets by storing energy when electricity prices are low and producing electricity when prices are high. An essential condition for the profitability of the CAES in hybrid systems is appropriate strategy for CAES operation about the sale and purchase of energy. This study aimed to determine optimal operating strategy for CAES systems fluctuating-hourly electricity market with high penetration of renewable wind power.
In this study, with simulation of production system of Khorasan Regional Electricity Company power plants which among all, the theoretical optimal strategy provides the highest net income for the storage unit. But since the market price of the upcoming hourly-fluctuating market is not pre-determined, two prognostic and historical practical-operational strategies have used for Setting up compressed air energy storage system.
Findings: The results show that prognostic and historical practical-operational strategies, on average have 93% and 89% of theoretical optimal strategy s’ net income, respectively, in all six simulated capacities for compressed air energy storage system.
Discussion and Counclusion: Based on the results, it is necessary to use power storage in order to increase grid stability and reliability of production in hybrid systems with high renewable power penetration; because a Black-Start must be ready in grid for Possible Black-Out situations which could provide load of grid in the least possible time. Use a CAES could be a great way that not only guarantees reliability and stability of grid in emergencies, but also is economically feasible and have operational suitable profit.

Since the adoption of the Rio Declaration in 1992 the concept of using a collaborative approach in various fields of development and environmental protection is accepted at the international level. This declaration announces collaborative approach as an important factor in environmental management and making decision in sustainable development. It makes authorities to apply this approach as much as possible.
According to academic and international references and citing the ongoing projects in the world in this field, the intervention mechanisms will be identified and checked. Also the method of applying methods, components and indexes in this approach will be expressed.
Findings: The increasing rate of development programs lead to the environmental, economic and social warnings. In response to issues and crises from them, concepts and approaches were proposed which one of them was transfer development right.
Discussion and This approach makes the owners voluntarily participate in the preservation lands programs and therefore government shouldn’t pay any money for those programs. This research is tried to explain transfer development right approach and its goals and mechanisms.

Now animal houses are an important part of training and researches project. The objectives of establishing animal houses on the campus are making a suitable place for keeping lab animals under standard conditions similar to those of their lives making it possible to conduct reproducing healthy laboratory animals, performing training and research experiments and training students. On the other hand, it decreases the bad smell in the laboratory, reduces the possibility of animals catching different prevalent diseases, cuts down the probability of the disease to human being and prevents animals from escaping. In addition, animal houses can decrease purchase expenses and save staff time and if it is introduced well it can enjoy economic justification.
In this research with studding of animal houses in use and steaming the area for a university animal house for educations and researches. The animal house area per capita was estimated for each of student.
Findings: The results contain the animal house parts are: Office, cloak- room, research room, increasing room, weighting room, behaiveir room, surgery and recovery, place of cages, washing room ,storage, compressor, marine increasing room, researching monkey behavior, museum.
Discussion and The animal houses area for universities and high educational centers for training and research purposes is about 375 m2 for 200 biology students therefore the animal house area per capita would be 1.8 m2.

Diatoma De Candolle is common algae flora in equatic ecosystem. Epilithic, Epipelic and Epiphytic population are the best indicator for water quality.
In this study, samples were taken on monthly, of 6 different station of rock, sediment and plant surface. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature , pH, Electrical Counductivity and Dissolved Oxygen were insitu measured in site and Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand were measured in laboratory. Diatoms identify on the basis of morphological characters of the silica cell wall.
Findings: species from Diatoma De Candolle in Jajrood river were identified consist of: Diatoma anceps (Ehr.) Kirchn. Diatoma ehrenbergii Kutz. Diatoma mesodon (Ehr.) Kutz. Diatoma tenuis C. A. Agardh. Diatoma vulgare Var. breve Grun. Diatoma vulgare Var. linearis V. H. Diatoma vulgaris Bory.
Discussion and Counclusion: Physicochemical factors such as BOD and COD increases and the water pollution index, are down the river is significant pollution increases. Diatoms counting showed diatoms density down the river to increase. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant correlation is between increased diatoms density and increased pollution.

Dam projects cause serious impacts on the surrounding environment. Therefore, in these sorts of projects, risk assessment of dams is one of the most important aspects of environmental risk management. The objective of present research is using one of the Multi Criteria Decision Making methods to make the managerial decisions for determining the most important identified risks and risks occurring prevention or reduction. Therefore, activities of construction and operation of Azad dam, which is located on Kumasi River in Kurdistan province, were investigated.
Firstly, environmental risks were identified using Delphi questionnaire method and based on their criteria including importance, severity, and probable occurrence. Then the aforementioned criteria of risks were weighted by using Entropy method. In the next stage, Elimination et Choice Translating to Reality (ELECTRE) method, one of the techniques of Multi Criteria Decision Making methods (MCDM), was used for ranking of probable risks.
Findings: The results show that the most important risks of Azad dam are respectively including reduction of soil quality with the grade of 9, Kumasi River water contamination with the grade of 7 and intense reduction of organic matter and nutrients in Kumasi River flow at down side of the dam with the grade of 4.
Discussion and In this paper, environmental risk assessment of dam by using ELECTRE method to make the correct decision, making process for risk assessor and choosing the best alternative of a finite set of alternatives described in terms of evaluative criteria. Therefore, that, function of each risk was determined by ranking and create opportunity to decision maker for correct risk management and choosing the proper method for risk control.

The exploitation of geothermal energy for environmental and regional heating is one of the most appropriate and the most common methods of direct use of the earth heat. Having decades of experience in vast regions of the world has provided useful information on how to execute geothermal projects and the obtained findings.
This study has investigated the primary conducted measures to use geothermal energy directly. Then, using GIS and Iran’s geothermal atlas, it identifies cities located in geothermal areas. Afterwards, it has investigated the consumption of the main four energy carriers (Kerosene, crude, gas oil, and natural gas) in domestic, business, and public sections for heating use in the above said cities and finally, it evaluates the economic and environmental considerations obtained from heating system replacement fitting the geothermal energy.
Findings: The results show that the exploitation of geothermal energy to heat buildings and domestic, business, and public spaces in cities located in geothermal areas will consume annually more than 378 million lit of Kerosene, 159 million lit gas oil, 64 million lit of fuel oil, and 1,370 million m3lit of natural gas which can be allocated to the exports and more than 725 million dollars can be accrued annually to the country. Calculations related to the cost of establishing the urban heating concentrated system has been conducted for Sarein and it was shown that the related amount almost costs 3.2 milliard toman and the amount of providing heating energy in each Kwh costs 107 toman. The return period of the capital in the current study has been estimated 3.5 (three and a half year). The decline level of fluid temperature passing through the transferor pipes and the output of the aforementioned system (considering reinjection into the earth and the heating loss of the fluid transferor pipes) have been estimated 3 centigrade and 46 percent, respectively.

Ecological capability evaluation is for identity to ability potential land for executable usage and expected.
Meydavood region is located in Baghmalek town in Khuzestan province and include various features such as: mountain, plains, low land, forest land and pastures. The most part of the study area is belong to pastures, and the researching has been trying to potential capability land for using of pasture with using of two models FAO and makhdoom with helping GIS application. Finally potential pastures unit has been recognized based on pastures ecological model in Iran and using searching language in geographical information.
Findings: Based on FAO model 5 unit has been recognized suitable for pasture from 8 unit land, and remainder is unsuitable. Based on Makhdoom model 238 unit has been located in third floor and 71 unit has been located in fourth floor of pasture.
Discussion and Counclusion: comparison between 2 models has been shown that environmental units are more in number and lower in area than FAO model; In the other hand FAO model with present using has been shown high proportion. With due attention to shortage of suitable pasture land in Iran, Makhdoom model is not suitable with performance and management plans of country in Meydavood and FAO model is preference.

Karun River is one of the largest rivers in the country and the present paper has studied Qual2kw model efficacy on self-purification of Karun River at interval of Zargan to Kute Amir.
For this purpose changes in quality parameters of the river including: EC, NO3, TSS, BOD, DO, pH, and temperature in the year 2008-2009, for two months of August (dehydration) and January (high water) simulated and calibrated within 30 days by aforementioned model and was compared with observed data in months of September and February of the same year in the stations of Zargan, Pole Panjom, and Kute Amir. In addition, for the determination of the validity of Qual2kw model and comparing of observed data with computational data, square of correlation coefficient (R2) and Standard Error of Measurement (SEr) were used, while for their significant test, T-test and F-test have done.
Findings: In general, the output model represented the non-assimilation of pH and BODu parameters for two months, NO3 in months of August, TSS in months of January and low assimilation in other parameters in accordance with the input pollution in the defined interval of Karun River.
Discussion and Counclusion: It aslo showed that the Qual2kw model has good efficacy for the investigation of river self-purification and the Karun River, this model was able to simulate well.

In this research, the economic value of Recreational (non use) functions and the factors affecting the willingness to pay Yasouj Forest Park-e Abshar's visitors using double dichotomous choice contingent valuation questionnaire was estimated.
180 questionnaires in the spring and summer of 1392 through the completion of interviewed visitors were collected. According to Bids amounts for 1000, 2000 and 3000Tomans was determined for park entrance fee. In addition to other information about the socio-economic characteristics were collected. Due To estimate the parameters influencing the willingness to pay of visitors the logit model was estimated.
Findings: Based on the results, the 77/2% of visitors were willing to pay to protect and preserve the park.The Average willingness to pay (EWTP) of each sample about 19,085 rials was obtained. Variables such as bids, income, length of stay in the park and visiting the park were significant.
Discussion and The results of this study provide important information about planning to promote the park for quality recreational facilities. For example, set park's entrance fee up to 19085 Rials per person, Sources of income which can be spent on equipment and cause satisfactory parks and recreational facilities provided for the visitors.
Also, through the participation of young people interested in the environment and recruits of the honorary guards, can be used to remove contaminants, helping to beautify and protect the privacy of parks used to be great.

Study of landfill of urban solid wastes is important because of its different kind of pollution. The most important pollutants of landfill, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and underground water and pollute these resources.
This place is located near one of Siahroud River branch. And is named Zarjoub. This river evacuates the pollution resulting from solid waste leachate with other urban, industrial and agricultural pollutants at Anzali wetland.
In this research, the qualification of Rasht landfill and Kacha River were studied for leachate contamination. For purpose BOD, DO, PH, TP and COD parameters were studied in two humid and arid seasons.
Findings: The averages of COD, BOD, Do and TP in river are 3862.5 and 1326.25, 0.3 and 6/5 Mg/L. Also the average of pH is 7.01.
Discussion and Counclusion: The results show that observed amounts are higher than the standards of environmental protection organization. Furthermore, the pollution resulting from leachate showed remarkable increase in comparison with the results of experiments of 1997.

Heavy metals are the most important environment pollutants, especially in high-density residential areas. The objective of this study was main purpose of this study was the determination of spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals (including Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd) according to ordinary kriging method for the central parts of Zanjan province, Iran.
In this study the 241 of mixed samples of soil, picked up from 0 till 10 Cm depth based on Random Networking (Area of case study was around 2000 Km2). Inorder to, for investigating of the impacts of bedrocks on the heavy metals, we sampled of eleven bedrocks. We used of Nitric Acid (5N), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and ordinal kriging for extraction, detection and finally, preparation of maps, respectively.
Findings:The result showed the best models are Spherical models for the spatial distribution of lead, zinc, nickel, cadmium, copper, cobalt, iron and exponential models for chromium and manganese respectively. The map of the spatial distribution of metals showed that the distribution of iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt and chromium depend on geological formations.While it seems the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were depended domestic and industry areas.
Discussion and The highest concentrations of the metals were naturally detected in basalt and shale context with analyzing of bedrocks.