فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 64 (زمستان 1397)

Working within ecotourism planning framework, this research is aimed at investigating ecological potential provided by Balghur watershed (Mashhad, Iran) in terms of sustainable utilization of natural resources for the sake of nature travelling, so as to determine its environmental capacities. Used to evaluate the region’s potential in terms of recreational activities were the following parameters: slope, aspect, elevation, soil texture, soil erosion, vegetation coverage (in percent), bed rock, relative humidity, temperature, number of sunny days, distance to communication roads, distance to ground waters, distance to residential areas, SAR, look out and land uses. Collected for the time period 2014 – May 2015, the required data was obtained from statistics and information provided by Iranian national census conducted in 2004, related books and journals, similar researches, topographic maps of 1:25,000 scale surveyed by Natural Resources Administration Office in Khorasan-e-Razavi province, Iran (2004), visiting the area and surveying a set of experts. Once finished with data gathering, fuzzy - analytic hierarchy process was used to evaluate the region’s potential of supporting centralized and extended recreational uses. The results indicated that, when centralized recreational uses were concerned, 19.6% of the region enjoyed a good potential, 16.6% of the region provided very good potentials, and 28.1% (2587 hectares) of the region had moderate potentials while 24.3% (2229 hectares) was of poor potential and, finally, 11.3% (1044 hectares) was very poor in providing such uses with the required provisions. However, when concerned with extended recreational uses, 18.1% of the region enjoyed a good potential, 26.1% of the region provided very good potentials, and 24.6% (2271 hectares) of the region had moderate potentials while 10.3% (945 hectares) was of poor potential and, finally, 20.8% (1923 hectares) was very poor in providing such uses with the required provisions. Accordingly one can suggest that this region possesses good potentials in terms of developing ecotourism industry (either centralized or extended recreations).

Mass movements and landslides are considered the most destructive natural hazards. The study predicts landslide location using conditional probability theory (Bayesian theorem), on the southern edge of the Ahar drainage basin (From Nasirabad to Sattar Khan dam),, on the landslide occurred in the past by the object-oriented approach extracting and identifying been conducted. Using Bayesian probability theory correlation between parameters and landslide areas (two-thirds of landslide areas) to determine the weight of all categories of parameters were obtained. According to the map obtained by any of the parameters weight class, class of high silt old alluvial terraces are in layers, average pasture land in between classes, directions north and northwest, steep grade 5-25 the distance of 270-125 meters from the river greatest impact on weight and landslides in the area. The accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps using a third (12 points slip) landslide areas were evaluated. The result showed that the model with the predictability and kappa coefficient 0/93   and 0/945 percent of high and very high risk of landslides in class acceptable accuracy in evaluating and landslide susceptibility mapping.

Temperature and precipitation are among the most important elements playing major roles in the study of climate change. These parameters have particular importance on water resources and natural ecosystems and also environmental, economic and social impacts. So in this research, we are about to simulate changes of temperature and precipitation in the Urmia Lake Basin where is facing environmental crisis and risk of drying is discussed for 2011- 2030 period. It was done by SDSM downscaling model. Meteorological stations evaluated are including four stations Saghez, Tabriz, Khoy and Urmia where have had full datum in the base period (1990 -1961). In the study, first of all, the efficiency of SDSM model was evaluated using observed data and station renovated data of National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Indices such as MSE, RMSE, MAE and the coefficient of determination and correlation were used. After ensuring the accuracy of the simulation model, climate parameters (rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature) was simulated using general circulation HadCM3 model under two scenarios A2 and B2 within 2030 for the study area. The results showed that the model has relevant ability to simulate temperature and rainfall. Based on the results of HadCM3 temperature and precipitation would be increased during 2020s (2011 -2030), comparing to the base period. In fact, minimum and maximum temperatures would be increased 29.7 mm, 0.3 and 1.4 degrees respectively.

Potential of soils for wind erosion related to various agents such as particle size distribution of surface texture, surface moisture, and wind velocity. Two objectives investigated in this research: 1) Relation of dust concentration with surface moisture and particle size distribution of soil investigated in this research, using portable wind erosion simulator, and 2) Mineralogy of dust sources and arrival dust of Khuzestan province. These measurements had done at 10 moisture and 11 wind erosion talent’s regions. Field studies have shown increasing the threshold friction velocity and decreasing produced dust concentration with increasing moisture in surface soil (0-3 cm) from zero to 3%. However the dust concentration receives to zero, almost at 2.8% of moisture. Furthermore the soil of No. 6 region had the minimum, and on the opposite side, the soil No. 2 region had the most increase in threshold velocity. Also soil No.3 region in dry condition with 161.26 mg m-3 had the most produced dust and soil No.2 in the same condition had the lowest dust emission with 101.23 mg m-3 produced dust.  So, decrease rate of dust concentration’s changes for soil’s various regions were different, but at 2.2% of moisture decreased intensive and going to zero in all regions. Threshold fiction velocity increased more with surface moisture while more PM 100 was available in soil surface texture. Also, soil potential for erosion increased at dry condition while more PM 75 was available in soil surface texture. Mineralogy studies shows that most of dust consisting of Calcite and Quartz and based on the mineralogy of studied lands soil's could say these dusts have domestic sources.

Theorists and planners to realize rural good governance, are looking for solutions and new strategies. Social capital is one of the strategies that recentlyis considered by development planners in many countries. In this regard, the aim of this research is Analysis of social capital impacts on rural good governancein Zarineh Rood and Northern Marhamat Abad rural district. Present Research In terms of purpose is applied research, research method is descriptive – analytical and method of gathering data and information is Library and field. Research Statistical population is rural households that 138 households of  Northern Marhamat Abad and 133 households of Zarineh Rood was selected through Modified Cochran formula and Simple random sampling. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the rule (0.716) and social capital (0.701), respectively. To analyze the data, used of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (cluster analysis, Correlation and multivariate regression). Results show that between social capital and rural good governance in the rural district studied, there is a significant relationship. Also, the effects of social capital components on the realization of rural governance in Zarineh Roodrural district is different from Marhamat Abad. As in the Zarineh Rood rural district, all components of the reviewhad much influence in Realization of rural Good governance. But This Effectivenessis low level in Northern Marhamat Abad rural district.

Spatial isolation in the area of the city always has encouraged other social and economic isolation. So far, the approaches taken without regard to the "Behavior of citizens" of urban space, just based on the subjective perception of designers and architects, who could not open the knot of problems of the city. So it seems that the effects of the structure and spatial configuration of these tissues the pedestrian motion flow is an important factor in the analysis of spatial isolation. Hence this article in February 2016 with with the aim of analyzing the spatial isolation of Zanjan ranging from worn-out tissues and old and worn out tissues in the overall structure of the city, based on the behavior of the human factor, Space Syntax method was performed. The research was descriptive - analytical and theoretical data were collected through library research. Analyzes conducted two analyzes the layout of space that include: A) analysis of structural parameters spatial street network, the data and information through a central axial map analysis software to help Atocad, depth map and Arc GIS environments obtained in the form of tables, graphs and maps have been extracted. B) Analysis Agent, one of the collections in the application of space syntax analysis was performed depth map. In this analysis, spatial isolation was based on the simulation model of pedestrian behavior. The results show that firstly; How to establish relationships and spatial arrangements in urban tissues spatial isolation is a major factor in the analysis of different species. Second, using the analysis Agent, based on the theory of natural movement, it was concluded that the old and new tissues Zanjan, the movement of pedestrians important role in the occurrence or non-occurrence of spatial isolation have.

To perform seismic design or seismic diagnosis, it is very important to evaluate the earthquake hazard predicted for a dam site in order to predict earthquake damage and propose disaster prevention measures. The researches were conducted for dams, exploited 10-25 years, necessary to reconstruct. To secure seismic resistance, in design calculations of dams the initial seismic intensity, disregarding of local ground conditions under dams, was accepted in the fundamentals. So it was necessary overestimate seismic hazard degree according to a modern scientific-technological level. This paper presents seismic hazard assessment and seismic zoning of Shahid dam site and its vicinity based on the probabilistic approach. Due to the significance of the dam site, seismicity studies and active faults identity is essential in this area.  In this study, seismotectonics framework and earthquake hazard in 1:100,000 scale map of Yasuj were examined. The dam site is located in 51˚ 44' 33'' E and 30 ˚48' 49'' N. The study consists of broadly two parts, the first part basically gives a detail overview of the seismicity of the region and identification of various faults existing within the Dam site with all their details and the second part includes the detemininstic seismic hazard analysis for the same. An attempt was made to compile the occurrence of past and recent seismic activities within 26 km radius, around the Shahid Dam site. The study area is located in the High Zagros zone.  Using satellite images, historical and instrumental earthquake in formation, geological and tectonic maps and aeromagnetic maps, the fundamental faults of the area and active seismic area were evaluated. An updated catalogue, containing both historical and instrumental events, is used. Seismic source regions are modeled and relationships between earthquake magnitude and earthquake frequency is established. An attenuation relation for Zagros is used. Seismic hazard assessment was carried out for the area. Seismic hazard maps of the studied area based on magnitude, intensity and depth of earthquake are shown. Earthquakes with magnitude of 1.96 or more, and earthquakes with epicentral depth interval from 1 up to 15.5 km and then gradually increased up to 35 km. The main benchmark and indicator involved in carrying out the hazard analysis is the correctness and completeness of the data which needs to be attained. Finally the results are furnished which can be used directly by engineers as fundamental considerations, for generating earthquake-resistant design of structures in and around Shahid Dam site. According to the available information, the seismotectonics map of the area was prepared and six seismic zones were rated. The dam site has been built up at the region with high seismicity. Seismic activity of a region, is usually characterized in terms of the Gutenberg–Richter frequency–magnitude recurrence relationship log10 (N) = a – b*Mw, where N stands for the number of earthquakes greater than or equal to a particular magnitude Mw. Parameters (a, b) characterize the seismicity of the region. The simplest way to obtain (a, b) is through least square regression, but due to the incompleteness of the database, such an approach may lead to erroneous results. Earthquake data file is using from 1995 to 2015 August 31. The bounded Gutenberg-Richter recurrence law for M0 is 4.0 and Mmax is 8.0. Seismic risk analysis in the study area using the Gutenberg-Richter law predicted the probability for an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.5 up to 6 on the Richter scale in the area in the next 100 years, 100 percent.  The risk analysis for Earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale was 61.76 percent and the risk analysis for earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 on the Richter scale was 33.94 percent.

The plane surfaces are from stagnant waters like wetlands, lake or pond which are specified with the height points in topographic maps. The extent of these surfaces are suddenly interrupted by tracing of the river networks and are symbolic in the shape of little two-directed rivers. Accordingly the most extend of Maharlu lake was reconstructed in Quaternary (1190.3 km2). The estimated area was 5 times than current condition which is unlikely to this area in accordance with the area of basin (4281). Climatology conditions of the basin was reconstructed and the oscillation of the lake surface was scrutinized and reconstructed to test of hydro geomorphologic conditions. So that the inner and outer climatic stations of the basin and monthly temperature and precipitation were selected. It was correlated between monthly/annual temperature and precipitation as dependent variables, with height as an independent variable then monthly/annual isohyet and isotherm maps draw by the use of evaluated relations and height layer of the basin. Monthly weight temperature and precipitation of basin, was calculated and correlated between monthly oscillations of basin with them by replacing the weight height in current equations. The equilibrium line of water and drought was rebuilt in Quaternary periods which the temperatures were 5, 8 and 12˚C less than current condition. The annual area, volume, depth, evaporation and runoff coefficient of the lake was estimated by evaluation of the volume of precipitation. The results showed that even with the decrease of quaternary temperature (12˚C), the lake didn’t have the permit of extraction more than 300 km. The most extent of the conditions reflected from hydro geomorphology could be related to the limestone effect in positive balance of water or the existence of more ponds than current conditions

Timely and accurate change detection of Earth’s surface features is extremely important for understanding relationships and interactions between human and natural phenomena in order to promote better decision making. Remote sensing data are primary sources extensively used for change detection in recent decades. In order to provide the land use map of Hamadan- Bahar Watershed, digital data obtained from TM (1985), ETM(2000) and  OLI (2013) sensor of digital data of the Landsat 5 , 7 and 8 were used. To classify images, were used Maximum likelihood method, using samples of  ground truth. According to the acceptance Kappa coefficient classification by Landis and Koch kappa coefficient, acceptance Kappa coefficient in 1985 (93.11 %), 2000 (90.01%) and 2013 (85.06 %) was excellent. Comparing  NDVI maps with those  of maximum likelihood classification, It also was found that the produced NDVI maps match with Irrigation farming category, indicating the accuracy of maximum likelihood method in classifying images. Result showed that between the years 1992 to 2013 settlements and Irrigation farming have increased 139.93% and 12.29% respectively, while Dry farming and Rangeland have decrease 0.33% and 17.12% respectively.In addation, the results of the conversion of non-residential to residential Maps showed that between the years 1992 to 2013, 2000 to 2013 and 1992 to 2013 among agricultural and pastures, agricultural lands with an area 44. 67, 73. 35 and 94. 84 square kilometers the, respectively, will be allocated the greatest area converted from non-residential to residentia. Also, in order to assess land use changes due to its status in the past, land use map for 2030 was predicted using cellular automata model, Then land use changes trend was plotted during 1990 to 2030. The results indicate a growing trend in settlements and Irrigation farming in the future period. In the period Dry farming and Rangeland will decrease.

Landslide are main risks in mountainous areas. Aghlaghan chay watershed by having mountain face and the geological, lithologic and climate conditions is sustainable for the production of flood hazard. These phenomena every year causing damage to lives and property in residential areas, road destruction and widespread creation and filling of reservoir sediment and riverbed sediment is Yamchi dam. The purpose of this study is generating Landslide hazard zonation. In this study, the first, we investigated ten Landslide risk factors in the region. These factors are: slope, aspect, lithology, distance from roads, distance from drainage, distance from fault, and distance from residential, rainfall, landuse, soil. Then data layers were prepared by GIS. The value of investments and standard benchmark map was combined in Edrisi software with Fuzzy method. Then, using hierarchical analysis method factors examined for paired comparison and weighting factors of each factor that expression of their mount effec tonthe calculated Expert choice software. Analysis and Modeling was performed by Using the ELECTERE as one of the methods multi-criteria decision analysis. According to the results, Slope, rainfall and lithology, highest value allocated to Landslide in Aghlaghan chay watershed. Nir and Bozdaghi sub water shade, with 15-30 percent slopes, precipitation about 350-550 mm, the weathered hard rock as bedrock which is overlain by soft formation materials, have very high potential for the landslide hazard. All to over according to the study results, Aghlaghan chay basin have very high potential for the landslide hazard event. Therefore, conservation measures, watershed and basin management studies are warrented.

Understanding the changes in groundwater quality has an important role on the planning and sustainable management of water and soil resources in any region. In this study, trends of groundwater quality of mazandaran  plain using the information of the 24  piezometric wells were analyzed during 1994– 2011. For this purpose, the non – parametric Mann – Kendall and Spearman method were used. Before conducting the MK test, the effect of significant lag – 1 serial correlation was removed from the data set. Hydro - geochemical variables that analyzed were the total Anions, total Cations, pH, EC,TDS, SAR,  which were measured once  in a year, wet and dry periods. The magnitudes of trends were computed using the Sen’s estimator method.  The results showed that the line slope of the density changes of groundwater qualitative variables was downward in 43 percent of variables and upward in 57 percent of them. The results of our tests showed that Kendall and Spearman were positive trend related to variable EC (the equivalent of 56/3 = Z) and Mtghyrkl dissolved solids (TDS) with statistic Z (7.14), respectively. The results were also indicative of the increase in chemical density and the decrease in quality of the well water in Mazandaran plain at all piezometric stations.

Due to development of industrial activities and increasing of population around Mount Moro in the recent decades in one hand and reduction of alluvial water resource on the other hand, groundwater exploration in the fractured rocks of the study area is of interest. An extensive outcrop of hard rocks in Mount Moro with a medium annual precipitation of 304 mm, implies that a potential of groundwater at the area is very probable. The purpose of this study is developing a zoning map for the study area according to  the potential of groundwater  using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by employing a set of GIS software. Distribution of igneous, sandstone and limestone formation has developed hard rock aquifers with high quality and quantity of groundwater which supply a part of drinking water for the region.  So, different layers were weighted based on SAW and F-AHP methods. Finally, the zoning map is classified into five groups (very low, low, medium, high, and very high) using the Raster Calculator Function. The resultant map verified by projecting the locations of springs and qanats on the zoning map. The final verified zoning map shows that the F-AHP and SAW results are more consistent and so it can be more reliable. Middle part of the Moro syncline showed high potential of groundwater, especially at the north flank. Fracture density and lithology have the main impact on the groundwater occurrence in this region.

Research on methods of soil and water resources management requires technic that can and cannot be remotsensing prediction, and understanding the complex and dynamic processes and provides. Neitsch et al. (2005), stating that the model swat predicting the effects of  on the creation of management activities and the amount of sediment in the basin scale, with a variety of soils, land use and management conditions in long time interval is developed. Research inducted inside and outside Iran shows that Simulation run off and sediment on the watershed large and small with use of swat model is more efficient

Today, used of mathematical models of operations research in order to evaluate the performance of systems (Such as management system) that consider set of activities at the same time, as an indicator of incoming and outgoing. Data envelopment analysis is one of the effective methods for identifying the functions of decision-makers and useful tools for understanding the decision-making environment by first processing information. This study will pay to evaluate the efficiency of Tabriz municipality in 2014 and 2012, according to official documents; by using income, current costs and municipal population as input components and use the index construction costs of urban development as an indicator of the urban development. Applied-analytical method was used and statistical population includes Municipals of Tabriz. Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist model is used to determine the efficiency ratio of DMUs. According to the general results of the research, urban areas 2 and 9, with a numerical value of 1, are fully functional. The rest of the regions have proven to be worthwhile. Therefore, the inefficiency region cannot be seen in both time zones. Also, according to the Malmquist index, performance changes in the five urban areas have shown a positive and upward trend.

The leaf area index (LAI) as an ecological index has a great importance in the study of the health of the trees as well as vegetation stress in the forest. In this case study, we investigate the effects of industrial dust on the health of forest plants in Hyrcanian forests of the north of the country. For this purpose, a hemispherical photography method has been used to estimate leaf area index. A total of 8 sample lines were collected in two directions around the industrial dust area with an attitude up to 600 meters For data analysis, variance1 analysis method was used. There was a significant difference between the mean leaf area index at three levels of distance from the contamination center (p <0.05). The results of the Post Hoc Test, to pair-wise comparison of leaf area index in different distances from dust center using the Tukey index, showed that the average of leaf area index was less than 150 m and a significant difference in a distance of more than 300 meters was revealed . Regression analysis was used to eliminate the effect of varieties of plant species and dominant wind direction on leaf area index. The results of the hierarchical regression of leaf area index showed that the variables of the type of plant species and the dominant wind direction affect the prediction of the leaf area index value. In the following, the correlation between distance classes of industrial dust and the average of leaf area index at Land acquisition points was investigated. The results showed that the best correlation between the two above variables in the east direction of this center and along the dominant winds was observed. The amount of R2 was 0.847 with positive power function