فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 60 (زمستان 1396)

Having a good quality of life, human desire was and is always. In recent years the quality of life in urban environments significantly by scholars of urban science and research are discussed. The general definition of quality of life can be a general term concept to show how human needs are being met and also a measure of perceived satisfaction and dissatisfaction with various aspects of life of individuals and groups as. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of urban life using subjective criteria in terms of Kerman city and urban life is the measure of satisfaction. This study is an applied research and its method is descriptive – analytic and Survey and collect data in two "documents and surveys (questionnaires)" is carried out. Population sample size of 384 was obtained using Cochran formula and validity of the questionnaire items by a number of experts and faculty members were approved and also as a evaluate the reliability research tool of the test method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated for the total index of 0.791, which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire, the questionnaire is appropriate and acceptable. Results of research suggest that psychological variables, the transportation, the economic, well-being, environmental health and social well-being of the order of 395/0, 271/0, 254/0, 227/0, 213/0, 156/0 had the greatest effect in increasing the quality of life in the city of Kerman.

Tourism is an important part of economic activity and has been considered from different perspectives.The present study investigates the role of tourism in the province of Gilan and its impact on job creation and balanced regional development during the period 1375-1385 and is 1385-1390Prdakhth.Research Methods is - descriptive and analytical and required data collected based on the documentary information.To analyze the effects of employment in the tourism sector, "the number of workers in activities related to the provision of accommodation and food" is used. The results based on models of shift - share, rate and spatial entropy index, show that during this period, employment growth has been positive in the tourism sector. While the distribution of employment in the province, in the period 1375-1385, balanced regional development, but in the period 1385-1390, it has mainly been to the benefit of the city of Rasht. In the period 1375-1385, the growth of cities Astara, Rasht, shaft, Sowmeeh Sara in the tourism sector is lower than province indexes. But in other cities, the city such as Astana Ashrafieh, Anzali, Talesh, Roudbar, Rudsar, Lahijan and Langrood saw further growth in the tourism sector. In the period 1385-1390, except of Rasht, Rudsar, Lahijan and Masal s economic growth more than Guilan province but the city of Astara, Astaneh Ashrafieh, Amlash, Anzali, Talesh, Rezvanshahr, Roudbar, Siahkal, Shafts, Sowmeeh Sara and Langrood, has been negative growth. In addition, during the first period,Fuman, Astaneh Achrafieh and Langrood threshold during the second period Rasht, Lahijan Amlash was most successful role in the area have increased the share of employment in the tourism sector.

Today the disposal, location and management of landfill waste of the city has become one of the environmental problems. Due to several influencing factors and parameters, the problem of finding a suitable location for disposal of solid waste has been considered as one of complex, costly and time consuming matters. Multi-criteria decision-making systems and geographic information systems are an effective technique for the management and application of different spatial data. The aim of this study is to use a suitable and an environment-friendly method for locating the landfill of the city by using multi-criteria decision and geographic information system techniques. Based on that, the city of Bookan was chosen as case study. This study is applicable and uses descriptive-analytic research method. The method in which data is collected, is based on documentation, field and software which by utilizing a hybrid model of Analytical Hierarchal Processes (AHP) and Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) methods, and standards based on, distance from surface waters, distance from city, distance from population centres (rural) distance from communicating roads, and the slope of the land, the optimal location for urban waste has been identified. The findings showed that about 360 square kilometres, equivalent to almost 9% of the city area is perfectly suited for landfill, these areas are located in the north and north-eastern parts of the city. It’s remarkable that the results of this study indicate the efficiency and flexibility of the hybrid algorithm for optimal space management of municipal waste disposal.

One of the most important effective factors on unsustainability tourism is lack of exact identifying of effective and impressible factors in tourism development. Thus, this research tries that by recognizing these factors, bases of creating tourism sustainable can be reached. Therefore, firstly theoretical indicators from global reliable evidences have been prepared. Then common indicators of sustainable tourism at case study have been examined. Research method is descriptive- analytical method, and research type is developmental. Research data's have been gathered using library and survey styles, and information has been analyzed using ANP model (for weighting) and Mic Mac software (for appointment of effective and impressible factors. Case study of research is Anzali port from Guilan province. Results show that indicators of environment conservation, urban institution- making, development of tourism infrastructures, improvement of safety level, increase of participation, moral codes and local legislation, and pollutions control are effective factors; and indicators of growing satisfaction level, supply of information infrastructures, and control of fees are impressible factors; and finally indicators of preparing urban services and promoting security level are without of effective indicators.

As the city developed and expanded to deal with environmental factors (climate and geomorpholic) and matters related to them will be greater. To the development of cities in a way is in the relationship with the dynamics and the dynamics of the natural environment. In dealing with these factors in the development of the city if you do not adhere to certain principles and essential tips the environment morphodinamic balance is destroyed and the most significant risks use and municipal facilities will be threaten in the city development. This study aimed to evaluate and determine the best direction for the physical development of Meshginshahr city natural based on a set of indicators such as Faults and geological structure, surface water, soil depth and texture, lines and land use to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards have been done by Using the weighted overlay model of the environment (GIS) and Swat. How to value in the optimal directions of the city development is classifiedin 4, the very poor, poor, fair good, and good levels. The results of studies, further sections of the city developed in relatively good land and and other parts of Meshginshahr, especially the marginal formed in unsuitable lands. Also part of the city that designed and built based on the previous plan are located in unsuitable lands and sometimes in very poor lands and limited parts of the city have been formed in the appropriate lands. Therefore, it is necessary to do the next city development in proper to relatively good lands to be avoided from risks and damages to the lives and property of the city and citizens living in the future. Thus according to the valuation was carried out, it is optimal to develop Meshginshahr city in the north and northwest and southwest portions and do all investments and projects, and programs to develop Meshginshahr in the directions mentioned.

Landuse maps of Khalkhal County using Landsat and IRS imagery by considering geometric and radiometric corrections based on supervised classification with Maximum Likelihood algorithm for 1987, 2002 and 2008 were produced. The accuracy of the produced maps using overall accuracy and Kappa statistic were calculated and results of comparison for the maps of 1987 with 2002 show that, dry farming land has increased from 18.37 to 25.22% and irrigated farming has also increased from 5.77 to 7.30%. On the other hand, forest area has decreased from 2 to 0.38% and rangelands have also reduced from 38.44 to 31.61%. Moreover, the results of map comparison from 2002 and 2008 show that, rangelands and residential areas with 0.23 and 0.06% have increased respectively, and dry farming with 1.58% has the most decreased areas. Statistical analyses in the level of 1 and 5% showed that the rock on the 1988 landuse map were 89 and 91%, and meadow 62 and 65% as the lowest and highest significance. Results of significance for the landuse map of 2005 were 91 and 94% for dry farming, and 67 and 69% for forest as the lowest and highest and for the landuse map of 2008 significance were 86 and 89% for rock, and 67 and 69% for forest as the lowest and highest. By considering accuracy assessment and the significance of the results for the produced maps, the results were acceptable.

In recent decades remote sensing-based forest stands biomass estimation techniques have a great importance. In this study, the Above-Ground Biomass (AGB) of Iranian northern beech forests was estimated by TM sensor of Landsat 5 satellite. Required Pre-processing and processing tasks was carried out on the images. For estimation of above-ground biomass, 65 sample plots with dimensions of 45m × 45m were laid out in the field. In each sample plot, diameter at the breast height (DBH) of trees higher than 7.5cm was measured and consequently, the above-ground biomass was calculated for each sample plot. 45 and 20 sample plots were considered for modelling and validation processes, respectively. Parametric multivariate linear regression was used for modelling. Pearson correlation between above-ground biomass in sample plots and correspond spectral values in calculated and original bands showed that the near infra-red band (band 4) was most correlated with above-ground biomass at 99% confidence level and correlation coefficient of 0.427. Implementing of stepwise multivariate linear regression method between above-ground biomass and all other remotely sensed variables revealed that the AGB= 6/682b4 – 206/693 model with adjusted R square=0.164 and RMSE=15/4 % is the best model (similar to simple linear regression between AGB and NIR band) for estimation of Iranian northern beech forests above-ground biomass in studied area. Conclusively, this approach is able to estimate woody biomass in pure beech stands relatively good especially in small scales.

Modeling deformation of flow duration curve, is one of the most important issues in hydrology and it is the suitable tool to hydrological analysis of the catchment. In this research, 22 hydrometric stations with appropriate data and common period (1974-1999) were selected.The study area was determined, using positioning stations on the topographic map with a scale of 1: 50,000 and the initial parameters of the catchments were extracted using geographical information system. Lithological units using digital geological map, with a scale of 1: 250,000, extracted and the area covered by each unit in each catchment were calculated. Flow duration curves plotted using daily flow data and the slope of last inflection of the curve was computed, using coding in MATLAB programming environment. The exceedance value, at the latest inflection point selected as the deformation curve index. Factor analysis was performed using 12 parameters and Homogeneity was conducted based on effective factors. Then, regression models between deformation index of flow duration curve, with hydrological, geological and geometric parameters, at less than 1% significant level were determined. The results of Factor analysis showed that all variables are to be classified in terms of four factors which 74.47% of the variance was included. Parameters of average height, annual precipitation, drainage density and base flow index were identified in the first factor. Geology at the second, the main river length and the area in the third and runoff coefficient were identified as the fourth factor. The results of slope curve analysis showed that exceedance values, at the latest inflection point in the catchments of research area, vary between Q8 and Q60.

Environmental impact assessment is an important management tool, for suitable resources use, through a systematic and public process to identify, design and implementing environmental projects and programs. This study aimed to explor environmental impacts of constructing tourism recreational complex in the area of Dehloran natural national manuments for two phases of constructing and exploitation. In this study, analysis was carried out using rapid impact assessment matrix method and Iranian matrix analysis. In these analysis two possibilities including non implementation and running implementation matrixes were compared and analyzed. The most important activities which have been investigated are including, excavation and embankment, removal of vegetation, environmental pollution and touristic facilities. Results indicated that sum of the numerical grading to assess the effects show preference of implementing the project over non implementation of the project in the area. In these investigations, rapid impact assessment matrix method for running the project was shown as and for non implementation was -80 while in Iranian matrix method, running the project was shown as and for non implementation was -303. By this results, it is clear that the positive effect is preferred over the negative one, and this means running the project is emphatically recommended over non implementing it.

In coastal environments due to the confluence of three areas, hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere is of the most complex and sensitive environment. Deltas of the most important and most valuable areas in the coastal area that of the addition of hydrodynamic flow of the river causes major changes in the coastal environment. Knowledge of changes in the fertile Delta region has a very important role in the sustainable development of the environment. Because of the wide range of remote sensing data source is appropriate for Environmental Assessment. The study of Landsat satellite images of temporal years 2015 to 1973, Maps, information, software, and space concept was used as a research tool. The purpose of this study is Assessment of river delta coastline are in a period of 42 years using a visual, semi-automatic and automatic Methods and statistical analysis same transects to calculate the rate of change along the of the control field and the analysis of changes is. Results of the study show that using a combination of remote sensing and morphometric convenient and accurate method to assess changes coastline is a coastline. So it was found according to the rise in water level changes in the Persian Gulf highest output mound River Delta coastal region. Because of the low slope, 48/48 square kilometers of area to go underwater.Therefore, any initiatives should be given facilities and infrastructure in the coastal region geomorphologic changes.

The purpose of this study is organizing the urban jobs of IMAM KHOMEINI Street by determining the compatibility ratio for each of the available jobs. The research method is analytical, descriptive and practical and all data has obtained through field research, library information and by using the existing resources. The study area is from DANESHGHAH Square to SAAT Square. According to the urban planning principles, the available jobs are categorized in 11 categories and in Arc GIS each of these users has become a layer that the location map of each user is prepared with respect to all users around. To determine the level of compatibility to incompatibility, based on quality matrixes and particularly from compatibility matrix, the compatibility ratio is obtained. All jobs were categorized in 5 category ranges from compatible ones to incompatible ones. That this categorizing was investigated based on function, kind of jobs and services to the users around and the results was gained in 11 maps as a compatibility ratio of each user in respect to the nature of functionality. Finally, all jobs were summarized in 5 category of compatibility to incompatibility and the compatibility map of the street jobs was created and determined that a district which is applied for commercial use, has the highest compatibility with its surrounding environment while a district which is applied for installation, has the least compatibility and others were between these two categories.

Tourism development at any geographical location may cause positive as well as negative economic and social consequences, along with environmental impacts that if the later appears in negative outcomes and continues it can bring irreparable damages. Today, the sustainable tourism in the framework of sustainable development planning has been considered to prepare environmental protection. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to assess attitudes and intensions of owners of tourist resorts toward sustainable tourism in some selected resorts in Mazandaran province. Population of the study included owners of tourist resorts in those cities which 121 people were selected by simple random sampling. T conduct the survey a survey method was applied and questionnaire was the instrument of collecting data. Findings of the study showed that the surveyed people had positive attitudes towards sustainable tourism and the level of this tendency varied based on the respondents’ age, education and work experience. Furthermore, the result of the research showed that there was a direct relationship between the subjective and practical dimensions of sustainable tourism. Finally, the findings indicated that the owners’ level of commitment to the sustainable tourism in the three cities studied was different.

Flooding is one of the known natural disasters which a lot of financial and living losses associated with it.This phenomenon with the help of identification of flooding areas and proper management can be controlled.The purpose of this article is evaluationand zoning of the risk of flooding in the basin of Zangmar inMaku City using fuzzy model. For this reason, layers of information related to the slope, height, planimetriccurvature, profile curvature, land use, soil, geology, distance from the river, drainage density, and NDVI gnomonare used. Flood zoning map using Gamma Operator 5/0, 7/0 and 9.0 were prepared and to test the efficiency of fuzzy model and choosing the appropriate Gamma Operator, correlation of parameters were calculated separately with each of the operators.The results showed that Gamma 9.0 is the most appropriate operator. At final zonation maps, the risk of flooding areas lies in upstream and north basin. Most of areas with very high risk of flooding are located in convex slopes, crest and slopes between 0-7 percent of the most mountainous regions. The height of these levels are often between 800-1200 meters.

according to the evidences Development of entrepreneurship in rural communities, Is the key to solving the problems of rural communities Including unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, migration, social disorders. Due to the Adverse Conditions Villages of Javanrood Township in terms of high unemployment and rural poverty There are many negative consequences that followed. The aim of this study is an Assessment of entrepreneurship index Among the villagers of Javanrood Township and also Identification Its determinants and Identification strategies for entrepreneurship development in rural settlements od Javanrood Township. The study is quantitative research That is done with the Descriptive and analytical method. The study population included All rural households in Javanrood Township and given the constraints that lie ahead, Researchers using the Cochran formula and estimated 356 of them as a statistical sample. To collect the required data. The main research tool, was a self-made questionnaire That confirmed Its validity and reliability by considering scientific. Eventually using by the Multi-stage stratified sampling method Were distributed questionnaires Completely at random Among heads of households in 17 villages of the Javanrood Township. The results showed The status of Javanrood Township Villager’s in terms of having the characteristics of entrepreneurship, with an average of 3.327, Are in good condition and Among the 12 characteristics of entrepreneurship, The villagers of Javanrood Township In terms of three characteristics Perseverance, High Energy and Respect for People Respectively, by coefficient of variation 0.178, 0.191 and 0.205 Has the best situation And in terms of three characteristics Risk, Innovation and Initiative Respectively, By coefficient of variation 0.540, 0.430 and 0.426, Are the weakest. Shows Results of Identification Determinants of entrepreneurship development in the study area by Using the exploratory factor analysis, Five Factors Economic, management – Educational, Infrastructure, Sociocultural and Environmental, have been able to explain about 5/66 percent of the variance in the dependent variable. Showed results of priority Operational Guidelines Villagers for Development of entrepreneurship in rural area of the Javanrood Township Three approaches: "Allocation of financial resources with the certificate and the appropriate refund The villagers for the development of entrepreneurial activity"; "Direct financial support Public and private sector from villagers to reduce the risk of bankruptcy "and "Production villagers shopping guarantee at least in the early stage entrepreneurial activity", Have been the most important strategies for entrepreneurship development by 194, 169 and 158 repetitions.

Iran is located in one of active regions of the world regarding the occurrence of earthquakes. They cause lots of financial and bodily damages. One of the most important programs to be administered by our government is to reduce vulnerability against earthquakes, studies within the administration of strengthening important governmental buildings, and infrastructures in the country. Buildings in schools have a high priority regarding the program mentioned above. The present research has been carried out in schools in Eastern Azerbaijan province especially schools in Tabriz since they are located in an area with a high probability of earthquake occurrences due to the importance of strengthening discussions and the new approach chosen by the school's renewal organization in improvements regarding the earthquakes and crisis management in the areas mentioned. This research has used a descriptive-measurement method to gather data in the forms of library studies and field studies and has used interview and questionnaire tools in closed formats. Also we have tried to assess critical success factors of projects regarding the viewpoints of scholars in the field within the time period between 2006 and 2014. Results showed that the most important critical success factors were as follows: necessity and emergence of administering strengthening projects, proper administration of administrative details based on technical features, the presence of qualified consultants in the related fields with high administrative capabilities, documentation and creation of the terminal to archive study and administrative experiences. Finally, the proposed guidelines for effective project beneficiaries were presented to direct the set of efforts carried out in the project towards the utilization or halting these factors and to get a better result.

The objective of this study is to evaluate citizens’ satisfaction of the quality of living environment in business and historical centers of metropolises from their view, sampling from Isfahan and Tabriz metropolises, to explain the effective factors on quality of life scientifically and professionally. Accordingly, regarding to the theoretical literature related to quality of environment, conceptual framework consisting of sixteen factors, has been done to review the editing and foundations of the research have been analyzed. Type of study, is applied and developmental in terms of objective of research and is descriptive–analytical in terms of method approach. Features such as age, gender, educational level, economic satisfaction and health status are identified as individual and independent variables in order to analysis satisfaction of quality of living environment and each of the sixteen factors are as dependent variables. The sample size using Cochran's formula considering the maximum heterogeneity hypothesis stating for both desired areas was calculated 768 people. In order to analyze data statistical methods such as frequency distribution, single sample T-test, Spearman, Phi and Cramer correlation coefficient were used, and for doing all of this statistical calculation the SPSS software was used. The results show which citizens’ satisfaction of their quality of environment is undesirable. For the single sample T-test, in both studied areas, the difference is in a way that is possible to ignore the calculated value difference (0/01).Nevertheless, considering the relative geographical and cultural differences between residents of Isfahan and Tabriz metropolises, there are individual differences related to social and economic attributes. The study results showed which the gender variable and financial satisfaction of business and historical centers’ residents affects their perception of their living environment. The influence of educational level on perception of the environment is approved only in Tabriz metropolis.