مجله منظر
پیاپی 28 (پاییز 1393)

The Persian garden schema has created a specific and incontestable role for its surrounding wall. There is no doubt in the need to preserve this component and its effect in historical authenticity of this heritage. However, in exposing the Persian Garden as a Public Arena, there is no acceptable argument in analyzing and interpreting the role of garden wall in urban life. This article reviews the role of garden wall in qualitative perception of modern audience in this enclosure. Reviewing the effect of garden wall on the emotional assessment of environment reveals that scientific observations aligned with poetic scrutiny consider the garden wall as a mean to provide safety in the garden. The concept of safety, regardless of historical justification, has a new role in preparation of focus arrangements which are irreplaceable in the stressful contemporary life of the modern citizens. Despite the significance of “enclosure” in perception of environment and the research progress of this field, Iranian garden wall has not recognized as a sort of enclosure with the definitions and measures of this study. In this context and with regard to the place created in the garden, the proposed hypothesis is that the unconscious components of "emotional assessment" in confrontation of human with garden wall, Sets his perception of place. The significance of emotional assessment according to sense of safety is provable in this way.

Urban Landscape in a common scientific meaning defines a quality that comes from the reciprocal relationship between the users and the city. All physical components of this quality are present elements in the city. Streets and public spaces are among these components that can be said in comparison to others, have a greater role in the perception of users owing to multiplicity of social events in which they occur. In addition to the distinguished impact of each element on the city, there are areas created from the fusion of street with public space. This new space is in possession of an improved landscape, resulting from the quality overlap of these two elements. Such landscape can be an identifier of cultural landscape. Vali-Asr is a historic street in Tehran, dating back to the Qajar dynasty. It was completed during the first Pahlavi and played a key role in the spatial organization of Tehran in second Pahlavi era. After the Islamic Revolution, even the merely physical consideration of Tehran’s urban management couldn’t detract from its main role in the spatial organization since this longest street of Tehran, in some parts, owns some identifiers whose values are improved over time by the adaptation of organic public spaces activities and street architecture. This article analyses Tehran's Vali-Asr Avenue landscape in the intersection of street and public space in order to explore its evaluations.

Design of cultural landscape involves the character of cultural landscape as a starting point for estimating the least possible intervention options. Having defined the landscape character of a city, its landscape cannot be transformed to look alike other city landscapes in accordance with tastes and different conditions. Tehran’s having traditional Behavior - whose constituting union of several population centers element was a city – accentuates the significance of explaining landscape character according to principles of public behavior for landscape design and management. Evaluation of Tehran’s cultural landscape requires two sources; historical texts including general literature, songs, historical geography and landscape reading according to these historical sources. Tehran has an intertwined texture of built networks surrounded by fine city gardens that are in complete harmony with morphological layer of Tehran formed by the five major river valleys as well as structural and behavioral hierarchal model defined according to their locations at different heights of theses river valleys in addition to cultural paradigms of an Iranian-Islamic society. Therefore, the cultural myths of Tehran city with subject matters of water at all scales, inner city excursion, pilgrimage-excursion tradition, usage of dramatic-didactic literature as the public media, productive gardens as intersection of recreations and rituals, creating myths through landscape elements and literature and ethics masters and converting their expression to a behavioral setting are all pursuable. The city landscape has experienced a lack of integrity and chaos in quantitative and qualitative elements every time that a sudden change has undertaken on people’s behavior values and lifestyle. An abrupt breaking point of natural factors and popular culture in the first Pahlavi era and another breaking point of personal aesthetic and semantic factors in the contemporary era have occurred during the last 20 years.

Cities as the greatest symbols of human civilization embrace cultural landscape as a result of human and nature common throughput which explains human relationship with its environment and history. Heritage landscape of cities explain historic, religious, spiritual and artistic life styles of its residents and is considered as descriptions for activity and approaches of previous people in religion, art, architecture, environment and etc. several places in cities such as museums, manmade relics, historic places, cultural centers, green areas, shopping centers, recreation and sport areas, etc are required resources for touristic development of a city which has a great overlap with heritage cultural landscape, natural and built landscape. Tehran with its significant historic status as an influential metropolis has a great heritage cultural perspective which can be used as urban touristic capacities. Many of Tehran heritage cultural components have been destroyed during city development and its physical rehabilitation. Thus Tehran heritage cultural touristic capacities will decrease if this trend continues. It seems that this capacity has been ignored due to the speed of rehabilitation and city developing trend whose continuing will accentuate Tehran urban tourism. This article reviews the significance of cultural heritage landscape in sustainability and prosperity of Tehran urban tourism.

One of our deepest needs is for a sense of identity and belonging. A common denominator in this is human attachment to landscape and how we find identity in landscape and place. Landscape therefore is not simply what we see, but a way of seeing: we see it with our eye but interpret it with our mind and ascribe values to landscape for intangible – spiritual – reasons. Landscape can therefore be seen as a cultural construct in which our sense of place and memories inhere. Critical to this has been the increasing attention given to the study of cultural landscapes, even to the extent of recognition in 1992 of World Heritage Categories of outstanding cultural landscapes. The paper explores some of the associated ideas of landscape and memory and how landscape permeates much of our thinking of who we are with some focus on Asia as the cultural landscape idea gains ground in this region of the world.

Sustainable development is a debatable concept in scientific and administrative meetings which involves many specialized disciplines through a specific look to the future of the earth and its inhabitants. Landscape science can coordinate the policies and align the achievements of various sciences as a discipline. In addition to the dual structure of objective and subjective, consideration of qualitative and quantitative value can be effective in sustainable development as well. Today, consideration of landscape as an economic value and assignment of its assessment to economists while its various dimensions are not calculable and ratable is the greatest obstacle. However, its solution precedes landscape approach and assessment of its consequential welfare and decision-making based on economy. In other words economy should be considered in terms of service for landscape and the society which will be achieved by reviewing economic landscape approaches. Therefore, The original meaning of the landscape which is the combination of land, society and the state will become more understandable to ordinary people and citizens will be able to recover their living environment with the help of scientists and officials and exchange their experiences to offer more acceptable meaning to their landscape concerns while improving their quality of life and controlling their future.

This paper tries to put the interaction of mountain and inhabitants and its organization, development and conservation process into scrutiny.In achieving this goal, the mountains of the 18th century and Western Alps where first signs of attention to mountains can be observed, were selected as the source. The initial arguments discusses the opinions toward mountains: How did mountains turn into a recognizing indicator over the last century as well as changing to a valuable, appreciated and protected landscape and a symbolic source for modern societies. Moreover, the role of mountains in land or collaborative projects was also queried. Mountains were natural elements, especially as the context or in relation to human settlements and they are tied with shapes and different mental forms of the people who were in their vicinity over different periods. Analysis of surrounding mountains of Geneva and the Switzerland explains a historical process of the 14th and 15th centuries that admits permanent presence of these natural components in popular culture. Thus their presence is presented as imaginary fancy pictures in one period or as a source of natural resources in consuming period, as an artistic subject in another period and subsequently as protected, affecting, influential landscape in social communities. These were terrifying dreadful in the 18th and 19th century that have turned into a source of individual and social identity which explains their cultural strength. One the one hand meeting natural and functional needs and strengthening the foundations of identity on the other, will lead to different approaches dealing with these components and result their increased conservation whichsuggests a focus on the formation of national landscapes regardless of their prevailing thoughts.

Tehran has been formed in the southern domains of Alborz Mountains and transformed into a metropolis between desert and mountains over centuries. Today, considering Tehran as a comprehend unit, with unique identity for citizens and visitors, seems impossible. Therefore, the preservation and reconstruction of the strategic landmarks of the city which guarantee the common recognition of the city has been accentuated and underscore city management plans. In fact, the management of the citizens and visitors perception of Tehran depends on its strategic landmarks and landscape on which the common perception and memories of Tehran have been shaped. Managing the strategic viewing corridors pointed to these landmarks has the main role in shaping these common perceptions. In fact, construction and rehabilitation of strategic landmarks is not a single action but require a series of actions including an action which provides the visual accessibility to the strategic landmarks from strategic places within the city. Recent sprawl growth of Tehran made it necessary to manage strategic viewing corridors of Tehran; an action which is considered in the management plans in most of the cities and metropolises around the world, but not in any of city plans for Tehran. This article aims to define the possibility of strategic viewing corridors management of Tehran by questioning from the strategic landmarks of Tehran and considering the natural and historical potential of Teheran and the global experience in defining and managing the viewing corridors. Among all these, defining the natural and artificial viewing corridor to Damavand peak is the main consideration of this research. Locating and developing of Tehran in the mountain slopes and its natural, topographical and historical potential, make viewing corridors management of the city completely different from the famous flat cities like London in which the systematic management plan of viewing corridors were provided. Location of Tehran in the mount has made the strategic landscape and monuments of the city related to the Alborz, Damavand peak and Tochal which among them Damavand has the considerable role in the Iranian identity all around the country. Having estimated the situation, it can be said that today’s most viewing corridors of Tehran include the natural southern- northern and western- eastern viewing corridors pointed to Alborz Mountains, Tochal and Damavand. Hence, preserving and upgrading these viewing corridors among defining and managing the artificial strategic viewing corridors from important places within the city to Damavand, Tochal and of course Milad tower, are the considerable points in viewing corridor management plan of Tehran.

Cultural landscape is a concept that reflects the interaction of man and nature throughout history and includes cultural values in this relation. The valuable scenery and comprises, maintains and represents the identity and history of a region and its inhabitants. Cultural landscapes occupy a considering space in urban areas which shape a city character to a great extent. Correlation of landscape and people revives a cultural-political section of the society and generates a sense of affiliation to the place. The first step in understanding the capacities of the cultural landscape is the cognition of identifying components which contribute significantly. Identifying components of cultural landscape includes the geographical, historical and human components. The geographical components comprise mountains, plains, rivers and valleys, the historical components comprise buildings, streets and pathways while human components include religion, rites, regional beliefs and similar values. In Tehran, the mountain as one of the most prominent natural features of the city has a special role in the development of cultural-ritual landscapes. Being located southeast of Tehran, Bibi ShahrBanoo Mountain is among such places with landscape features owing to its holiness, religious, archaeological and identifying significance. It offers the three geographical (mountain), historical (tower) and human (ritual ceremonies and religious significance) components together. However, this place have been ignored in Tehran development plans and transformed into an abandoned area and has lost its importance in being a historical-natural place and has been detached from Tehran while it can play an important role in identifying Tehran as a cultural landscape. Preserving the landscape of Bibi ShahrBanoo Mountain relies on simultaneous protection of cultural it is natural and physical properties. In this paper, the significance of Bibi ShahrBanoo in identifying urban landscape has been discussed and some strategies of planning, management and implementation in protection the landscape have been presented preceding the pathology of the status quo. This paper puts the significance of Bibi Shahrbanoo Mountain into scrutiny as an identifying element of urban landscape.