مجله منظر
پیاپی 45 (زمستان 1397)

The rapid growth of population in metropolitan areas such as Tehran and consequently the increase of construction cause to reduce the available green and natural areas. The modern urbanization ignored the presence of nature in urban environments and the human needs to interactions with natural spaces. This problem led to the new challenges in urban communities. Constructing urban green areas without considering the quality and identity cannot be a solution of the existing crisis. The need of the residents of modern cities to have relations with the nature in the daily life requires the creation of spaces for the citizens to depend on them. The paper investigated the aesthetic principles of the archetypes of Persian gardens. Then, theories analyzed that how to use these concepts in modern parks of Tehran. Results show that the use of these principles and concepts has successful effects for getting close to the social/economic sustainability of urban parks.

This study discusses a comparative analysis of the thermal surface temperature of high-rise apartments designed with late modern styles in Malaysia. In Malaysia, apartments are divided to two categories namely midrise and highrise apartments. Highrise apartments are the residential buildings higher than five stories equipped with elevator whereas midrise apartments have no elevators with 3 to 5 stories’ height. The results of this study will provide a thermal surface data of the apartment facades. The data enhances the level of sustainability awareness of the architectural styles on facade design to the tropical context. This thermal surface analysis will increase the design awareness of the architects who design the buildings in complying with their understanding to the climatic factors. Late modern design styles have a complex geometric design with ranging from simple to complex roof structures which have an emphasis on abstract geometric form in building design. In this study, two late modern design apartments are selected as the case studies. The location of these apartments is in Putrajaya, the latest new town built as an administrative city of Malaysia. The thermal surface data will be detected by a thermal device named Fluke Ti20 Infrared Camera. This camera will capture thermal images of the apartment facades. The analysis indicates that the facade design of both apartments does not achieve to curb solar radiation due to higher surface temperatures recorded in the on-field data compared to the highest average outdoor temperature at 32.4°C in Putrajaya. In conclusion in design of apartments shading and passive design are very important in tropical climate .

The study of the historical trend of the term “Tower” (equivalent in Persian to Borj) in dictionaries shows that it was seminally used to refer to the fortifications constructed at the corner of cities, castles and palaces. It gradually underwent semantic development and nowadays, minarets have given their position to the towers used for various purposes. Towers have served diverse and numerous applications in Iran. Besides in the perimeter of the castles, they were also constructed on the two sides of the caravansaries’ entry gates for such purposes as lookout and surveillance. The dovecotes were also used to be called pigeon towers as some tombs have become to be known as tower or turret. A number of turrets on the top of which fire was set to guide the lost individuals were also called tower. The present study aims to study the Iranian towers from the visitors’ point of view. The study has made an attempt to adapt the meaning and root of the term "tower" in the course of history after its etymology. It will be figured out in a subtle look at the meaning of the term that the Persian dictionaries have largely pointed to a defensive, security and military function of tower. Through meticulous examination of the term’s meaning and root, it can be found out that in Persian dictionary, the defensive, security, and military functions of it have mostly been focused, while in Arabic language, attentions have been mostly paid to its information provision aspect. A vast spectrum of tower functions, generally classified under four titles, namely symbolic, information provision, functional and military, can be found out in an investigation of the historical towers registered in Iran’s Administration of Cultural Heritage and Tourism. Using scrutiny, it is made evident that a large number of the towers were served as the multiple purpose constructions . In addition it seems there is a relationship between the towers’ shapes and uses as well as between their geographical scattering and their different applications and this is to be elucidated in further research.

Over the last decades, public bathhouses as the essential spaces in the city have played an important role in the cultural and social context of Iran. Unique architectural features of this public space make it distinguishable from other building in terms of functions The public bathhouses have long been integrated into Iranian daily life. Thus, it cannot be viewed solely by its physical space, regardless of the meaning and significance of those spaces. Actually, it underlines the necessity of examining public bathhouses from a landscape perspective. Bath as an element of the city, not including its natural functions in sanitation, serve different functions in the structure of society and plays a crucial role in social communication. In this paper, data were collected and analyzed qualitatively .It has been devoted to the specific components of the public bathhouses and its social functions. Further, it is attempted to look at some of the other reasons for the boom in Iran.

Investigation of the neighborhood center landscape enables objective-mental recognition of the cultural, social and contextual aspects. The present study has been conducted during April, 2017, based on a qualitative method using interviews, observations and content analysis so as to investigate the details and interpretations of Shemiran-e-Now informal neighborhood center in Tehran from the perspective of the residents. The landscape research on these neighborhoods lacks w well-established background and it contributes to subjective recognition in this area. The results indicated that the informal neighborhood landscape is composed of the residents’ social coherence and collectivity, a trans-local bazar and traffic bifurcation and all of them triply support one another. Although it has been figured out in the observations that the quality of life space is very poor in this neighborhood, the circulation of the religious activities and prosperity of the transactions have revitalized Shemiran-e-Now neighborhood center landscape.

Perception of the tourism events requires contextual investigations, especially when the studied event is of belief and spiritual ones. Arba’ein-e-Hosseini is a special and deep-rooted Islamic event that has drawn the researchers’ attentions during the recent years. Walking and the difficulties encountered on the path towards a common destination have produced special concepts that can be understood only through interpretation and getting involved in them. The present qualitative research was carried out using interviews, observations and document investigation based on snowball method for reaching a theoretical saturation following 38 interviews. Sympathy, feeling safe in Utmost insecurity, competitive hospitalities, voluntary love for Imam Hussein (PBUH) and, finally, bilateral love of the host and the guest for Imam Hussein (PBUH) are the components of the pilgrims’ spiritual perception. Arba’ein is a holographic phenomenon that if viewed from every angle, reveals a certain manifestation of spirituality. The spiritual landscape aspect of this mourning parade can be realized as a collection of various perception and feelings of the parade environment, memories quoted from Imam Hussein (PBUH), pilgrims’ individual motivations and the things events happening in the course of this mourning parade.