فهرست مطالب
نشریه نامه انجمن حشره شناسی ایران
سال سی‌ام شماره 2 (پیاپی 47، زمستان 1389)
- تاریخ انتشار: 1390/10/11
- تعداد عناوین: 17
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صفحه 1در این تحقیق، محیط های غذایی گندم، آرد گندم، سبوس گندم، آرد برنج، سبوس برنج، شلتوک برنج، ارزن و آرد ذرت در قالب یک طرح کاملا تصادفی برای تولید کنیدی های هوایی جدایه های Beauveria bassiana EUT105 و B. bassiana EUT116 به روش سامانه ی دو فازی مایع- جامد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو جدایه بین تیمارها اختلاف معنی داری وجود دارد. سبوس گندم با میانگین تولید 1010 × 3/2 و شلتوک برنج با میانگین تولید 109 × 5/1 کنیدی به ازای هر گرم محیط غذایی برای جدایه ی B. bassiana EUT105، به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین میزان تولید کنیدی را داشتند. برای جدایه ی B. bassiana EUT116، سبوس گندم و ارزن با میانگین تولید 109 × 1/6 و 108 × 8 کنیدی به ازای هر گرم محیط غذایی، به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین میزان تولید کنیدی را به خود اختصاص دادند. در گام بعدی، ملاس چغندرقند و آب پنیر در مقادیر مختلف به عنوان مکمل های غذایی به محیط های ساده فوق افزوده شد. نتایج تجزیه ی واریانس داده های این مرحله نیز نشان داد که در هر دو جدایه بین تیمار ها اختلاف معنی داری وجود دارد و افزودن آب پنیر موجب افزایش تولید شده ولی افزودن ملاس در تولید کنیدی در مقایسه با محیط های شاهد، تغییر معنی داری ندارد. بیشترین و کمترین تولید کنیدی برای جدایه های B. bassiana EUT105 و B. bassiana EUT116، به ترتیب مربوط به سبوس گندم همراه با آب پنیر با میانگین تولید 1010 × 5 و 1010 × 6/4، و آرد برنج همراه با ملاس با میانگین تولید 108 × 5/1 و 108 × 6 کنیدی در هر گرم محیط غذایی بود.
کلیدواژگان: Beauveria bassiana، محیط طبیعی، تولید کنیدی، مکمل غذایی، قارچ بیمارگر حشرات -
صفحه 17در جستجو برای دستیابی به روشی امن و با استفاده از مواد طبیعی برای کنترل آفات انباری، اثرات حشره کشی و دور کنندگی اسانس گیاه Salvia mirzayanii Rech. F. & Esfand. روی حشرات کامل یک روزه ی سوسک چهار نقطه ای حبوبات Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) و شپشه ی آرد Tribolium confusum J du Val. مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. اسانس گیاه با استفاده از دستگاه کلونجر (Clevenger) به روش تقطیر با آب استخراج شد. آزمایش ها در دمای 1 ± 27 درجه ی سیلسیوس و رطوبت نسبی 5 ± 65 درصد در تاریکی انجام شد. نتایج آزمایش سمیت تنفسی اسانس نشان داد که با افزایش غلظت و مدت زمان در معرض اسانس قرار گرفتن، مرگ و میر سوسک چهار نقطه ای حبوبات به طور معنی داری افزایش می یابد. مقدار LC50 اسانس گیاه مریم گلی روی سوسک چهار نقطه ای حبوبات که معادل 58/2 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا بود و حدود اطمینان های برآورد شده و نیز درصد تلفات، حاکی از حساسیت بالای سوسک چهار نقطه ای حبوبات نسبت به شپشه ی آرد می باشد. مقادیر LT50 برآورد شده برای سوسک چهار نقطه ای حبوبات در غلظت های 03/37، 11/111، 14/148 و 18/185 میکرو لیتر بر لیتر هوا به ترتیب 73/9، 52/8، 17/7 و 08/7 ساعت به دست آمد. اما در مورد شپشه ی آرد حتی در غلظت 70/3703 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا مرگ و میری مشاهده نشد. با افزایش غلظت اسانس، درصد دورکنندگی در هر دو حشره به طور معنی داری افزایش یافت. علی رغم اینکه اسانس مریم گلی کارواندری حتی در غلظت های بسیار بالا هیچ گونه سمیت تنفسی برای شپشه ی آرد نداشت اما اثر دورکنندگی اسانس روی شپشه ی آرد بیشتر از سوسک چهار نقطه ای بود. نتایج نشان می دهد که اسانس گیاه مریم گلی روی گونه های مورد بررسی دارای اثرات متفاوتی است.
کلیدواژگان: اسانس های گیاهی، سمیت تنفسی، دورکنندگی، مریم گلی، آفات انباری، دستگاه کلونجر -
صفحه 31
کنه ی واروا، Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman، یکی از مهم ترین آفات زنبور عسل اروپایی، Apis mellifera L.، در سرتاسر جهان می باشد که با تغذیه از همولنف مراحل مختلف رشدی زنبور عسل و همچنین انتقال عوامل بیماری زای ویروسی، خسارت اقتصادی بالایی را به صنعت زنبورداری وارد می کند. در طی سال های اخیر، استفاده از آفت کش های شیمیایی به منظور کنترل کنه ی واروا منجر به ایجاد مقاومت در این آفت و آلودگی محصولات کندو شده است. لذا موضوع تحقیق حاضر بررسی میزان سمیت تنفسی اسانس پونه ی کوهی Mentha longifolia L. بر کنه ی واروا و زنبور عسل می باشد. بدین منظور کنه های بالغ ماده در شرایط اتاق رشد، با دمای 1 ± 25 درجه ی سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5 ± 40 درصد و تاریکی به مدت 10 ساعت با غلظت های مختلف اسانس مورد مطالعه (از 5/0 تا 75/3 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا) تیمار شدند. همچنین زنبورهای عسل کارگر در شرایط انکوباتور (دمای 32 درجه ی سلسیوس و رطوبت نسبی 50-45 درصد و تاریکی به مدت 10 ساعت) تحت تاثیر غلظت های مختلف اسانس پونه ی کوهی (از 62/0 تا 25/6 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا) قرار گرفتند. همه ی تیمارها در 4 تکرار طراحی شدند. تعداد افراد مرده و زنده برای هر تکرار پس از شروع اسانس دهی و هر یک ساعت یک بار شمارش شد. نتایج نشان داد که میزان مرگ و میر کنه ی واروا و زنبور عسل با افزایش غلظت و زمان اسانس دهی افزایش پیدا کرده است. میزان LC50 برای کنه ی واروا، 9 و 10 ساعت پس از شروع اسانس دهی، به ترتیب 05/2 و 65/1 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا محاسبه شد؛ درحالی که، میزان LC50 در مورد زنبور عسل در طی 9 و 10 ساعت پس از اسانس دهی به ترتیب 08/5 و 76/4 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا بود که نشان دهنده ی حساسیت بیشتر کنه ی واروا به اسانس پونه ی کوهی در مقایسه با زنبور عسل اروپائی است. بنابر این، لازم است تحقیقات بیشتری برای تنظیم غلظت و مدت زمان اسانس دهی پونه ی کوهی صورت گیرد تا بتوان از آن در برنامه های کنترل کنه ی واروا در زنبورستان ها استفاده نمود.
کلیدواژگان: کنه ی واروا، پونه ی کوهی، سمیت تنفسی، زنبور عسل اروپائی -
صفحه 47سلول های خونی دو بال پولک دار به نام های Hyphantria cunea (Drury) و Glyphodes pyloalis Walker به وسیله ی میکروسکوپ نوری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. از هر گونه، 6 نوع هموسیت بر اساس توصیف منابع شناسایی شد که عبارتند از: پروهموسیت، پلاسماتوسیت، گرانولوسیت، ائونوسیت، اسفرولوسیت و آدیپوهموسیت. هموسیت ها در برگ خوار توت کوچک تر از هموسیت های پروانه ی سفید اشجار بوده و این تفاوت ها به ویژه در پروهموسیت ها و اسفرولوسیت ها از وضوح بیشتری بر خوردار بود. شمارش تفرقی هموسیت ها نشان داد که گرانولوسیت و پلاسماتو سیت در هر دو گونه از فراوان ترین سلول ها بودند که به ترتیب 27 و 23 درصد برای برگ خوار توت و 28 و 36 درصد برای پروانه ی سفید اشجار محاسبه شد. شمارش کل هموسیت ها نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت که در لارو برگ خوار توت 081/0 ± 1800 و در لارو پروانه ی سفید اشجار 413 ± 03/3013 سلول/میلی متر مکعب خون بود. هورمون جوانی I (JH I) در غلظت 004/0 میکرولیتر به ازای هر لارو، ضمن ایجاد تغیرات ساختاری در دو سلول مهم یعنی پلاسماتوسیت ها و گرانولوسیت ها، کاهش معنی داری در شمارش آن ها نسبت به شاهد ایجاد کرد.
کلیدواژگان: Hyphantria cunea، Glyphodes pyloalis، بال پولک داران، سلول های خونی، هورمون جوانی -
صفحه 69کنه ی تارتن دولکه ای، Tetranychus urticae Koch، از مهم ترین آفات لوبیا است که خسارت قابل توجه ای را به بخش کشاورزی وارد می سازد. در مطالعه ی حاضر، 19 ژنوتیپ لوبیا برای مقاومت به کنه ی تارتن دو لکه ای ارزیابی گردید. آزمایشات در شرایط مزرعه ای در سه منطقه ی کرج، بروجرد و خمین انجام شد. یک هفته بعد از آلودگی، دو بار تعداد کل کنه ی ماده ی بالغ و تعداد تخم شمارش شد و میزان خسارت وارده به برگ با یک مقیاس 6-1 تعیین گردید. با توجه به اینکه میانگین آلودگی در منطقه ی خمین بیش از دو منطقه ی دیگر بود، مقاومت نسبی بسیاری از ژنوتیپ ها در مقایسه با ژنوتیپ شاهد (اختر) در این منطقه شکسته شد. بنابراین، این ژنوتیپ ها بایستی از برنا مه های اصلاحی حذف گردند. تنها ژنوتیپ Ks41128، که در منطقه ی کرج و بروجرد مقاومت نسبی خوبی داشت، در منطقه ی خمین نیز بهترین مقاومت نسبی را از خود نشان داد. بنابراین می توان Ks41128 را به عنوان مقاوم ترین و در ضمن پایدارترین ژنوتیپ در این آزمایش معرفی کرد.
کلیدواژگان: لوبیا، کنه ی دولکه ای، مقاومت نسبی
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Page 1In this study, two fungus isolates, Beauveria bassiana EUT105 and B. bassiana EUT116, were evaluated for production of aerial conidia on wheat, wheat flour, wheat bran, rice flour, rice bran, rice paddy, millet and corn flour using two phasic liquid-solid system. Data analysis showed that there are significant differences among treatments (simple media) in both isolates. In B. bassiana EUT105, the maximum and minimum productions were achieved on wheat bran, 2.3 × 1010 conidia/g and on rice paddy, 1.5 × 109 conidia/g of medium, respectively. In B. bassiana EUT116, wheat bran with 6.1 × 109 conidia/g and millet with 8 × 108 conidia/g had the maximum and minimum productions, respectively. Effect of adding nutritional complementary compounds to the growth media was significant in increasing of conidial yield. Related results showed that adding permeate increased the production but molasses did not it in comparison with control in both isolates. Wheat bran plus permeate had the maximum production, 5 × 1010 and 4.6 × 1010 conidia/g in B. bassiana EUT105 and EUT116, respectively and minimum production was obtained with rice flour plus molasses, 1.5 × 108 and 6 × 108 conidia/g in B. bassiana EUT105 and EUT116, respectively.Keywords: Beauveria bassiana, natural medium, conidial production, complementary substance, entomopathogenic fungus
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Page 17In an attempt to find a natural and safe method for the control of stored-product pests, insecticidal activity and repellency effect of essential oil from Salvia mirzayanii Rech. F. & Esfand. were investigated against one day old adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Bruchidae) and Tribolium confusum J du Val. (Col.: Tenebrionidae). The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method, using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. Experiments were carried out at 27 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% R.H. in dark condition. Results of fumigant toxicity tests showed that the mortality of C. maculatus was increased significantly with increases in concentration and exposure time. LC50 value was 2.58 µL/L air for C. maculatus. Results indicated that C. maculatus was so susceptible to S. mirzayanii oil. LT50 values for C. maculatus were 9.73, 8.52, 7.17 and 7.08 h at 37.03, 111.11, 148.14 and 185.18 µL/L air, respectively. No mortality was observed on T. confusum at highest concentration (3703.70 µL/L air). Repellency was increased significantly with increases in concentration in both of species of the insects. The essential oil was significantly more repellent to T. confusum than C. maculatus. It is concluded that S. mirzayanii essential oil can be used as a safe pesticide to control stored insect pests, especially against C. maculatus.Keywords: essential oils, fumigant toxicity, repellency, Salvia mirzayanii, stored product pests, Clevenger
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Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman is one of the most important pests of Apis mellifera L. world widely. It causes great economic loss to the beekeeping industry through feeding on various developmental stages of bees and by transmission of pathogenic viral agents. Recently, application of chemical pesticides has led to the occurrence of mite resistance and contamination of hive products. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to evaluate fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Mentha longifolia L. against varroa mite and honey bee. Adult females of varroa mites were treated with different concentrations of essential oil (from 0.5 to 3.75 µl/l air) at 25°C and 40% RH in darkness for 10 h. Also, worker honey bees were exposed to concentrations of essential oil (from 0.62 to 6.25 µl/l air) in incubator set at 32°C and 45 - 50% RH in dark for 10 h. All experiments were conducted with four replications. The number of dead and live treated animals was counted each hour from commencement of exposure. Results showed that the mortality was increased as concentration and exposure time of the oil increased. Estimated LC50 value of M. longifolia treated on V. destructor 9 and 10 h after exposure was 2.05 and 1.65 µl/l air, respectively. However, LC50 values of the oil on A. mellifera at the same exposure times were 5.08 and 4.76 µl/l air, respectively. These findings indicate that varroa mite is more susceptible than A. mellifera. Therefore, more comprehensive experiments are necessary to find appropriate concentration and exposure time of M. longifolia essential oil in varroa mite control programs in apiaries.
Keywords: Varroa destructor, Mentha longifolia, Fumigant toxicity, Apis mellifera -
Page 47Haemocytes of two lepidoptrans Hyphantria cunea (Drury) and Glyphodes pyloalis Walker were studied using light microscopy. Based on available literature, six types of haemocytes were recognized of each species: prohaemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte, oenocyte, spherulocyte and adipohaemocyte. In general, haemocytes in G. pyloalis were smaller than those of H. cunea. This difference were quiet obvious in prohaemocytes and spherulocytes. Differential haemocyte counts showed the granulocytes and plasmatocytes to be the most abundant haemocytes and were recorded 27 and 23 percent for G. pyloalis, and also 28 and 36 percent for H. cunea, respectively. Total haemocyte count were also worked out that was 1800 ± 0.081 cells/mm3 for G. pyloalis and 3013.3 ± 413 cells/mm3 for H. cunea. While bringing about major structural changes to important cell types i.e. plasmatocytes and granulocytes, the juvenile hormone I (JH I) in 0.004 μL/Larva on topical application induced significant changes in total and differential counts compared to controls.Keywords: Hyphantria cunea, Glyphodes pyloalis, Lepidoptera, haemocytes, juvenile hormone
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Page 69Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the important pests of common bean that causes serious damage to agricultural crops. In this study, nineteen common bean genotypes were evaluated for resistance to the two-spotted spider mite. The trial was carried out at field conditions of Karaj, Brojerd and Khomein. One week after mite infestation, the total number of female and eggs were counted for two times. Also, mite damage feeding was evaluated with a 1-6 scale. Khomein had the fewest infested mean and relative resistance of many genotypes was failed in comparison to susceptible standard genotype (Akhtar) at Khomein. So they should be eliminated in alternative breeding programs. Nevertheless, only Ks41128 that had good relative resistance at other regions had the most relative resistance at Khomein. Subsequently, we propose Ks41128 as the most resistance and also the most stable genotypes.Keywords: common bean, two, spotted spider mite, relative resistance
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Page 79In a faunistic survey of aphids and their aphidophagous predators in cereal fields of Mashhad and vicinity, during 2006-2008, several coccinellid species were collected and determined. Among them, Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow is being reported for the first time from Iran.
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Page 81Based on a study on the Parasitengona mite fauna of East Azarbaijan province (Iran) accomplished in 2007 and 2008, several specimens were collected. Among them, Erythraeus (Erythraeus) adanaensis Saboori & Cobanoglu, 2010 is getting reported for the first time from Iran.
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Page 1Effect of five soybean varieties (Sahar, JK, BP, Williams and L17) on life cycle and fecundity of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) was evaluated at temperature of 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D) h. The preimaginal development period of males and females was longest on L17 (30.17 ± 0.28 and 29.63 ± 0.23 days) and shortest on BP and Sahar. The adult longevity of males and females was longest on Williams (13.86 ± 1.14 and 20.20 ± 1.12 days) and shortest on Sahar (9.36 ± 0.59 and 12.75 ± 0.69 days), respectively. The life span was longest on L17 (44.86 ± 0.85 days) and shortest on Sahar (39.00 ± 0.50 days). The highest percentage of egg and larval mortality was observed on L17 (73.48 and 39.35%, respectively), but the highest percentage of pupal mortality was on Sahar (12.50%). The lowest percentage mortality of egg (57.96%) and larval (10.81%) stages was obtained on Williams. The pupal weight of females was heaviest on Sahar (88.10 ± 3.01 mg) and lightest on BP (73.00 ± 4.18 mg) compared to the other varieties. The highest number of eggs laid per female per day was 58.19 ± 4.53 on L17 and the lowest number of eggs was 37.91 ± 3.01 on BP. The results showed that total number of eggs laid per female was highest on Williams (569.50 ± 29.8 eggs) and lowest on Sahar (448.90 ± 19.5 eggs). Knowledge of the biology of S. exigua on soybean varieties can aid us to detect and monitor the pest infestation, variety selection and crop breeding.Keywords: life cycle, development period, Spodoptera exigua, fecundity, soybean
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Page 13Food choice in omnivorous animals is influenced by the balance of nutritional needs, food availability, and quality of a particular food items. Here, we study whether omnivorous onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, feed on the eggs of its competitor Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) when an alternative supplemental source is, or is not, available. Thrips were either fed a cucumber leaf alone, or this diet was supplemented with pollen, mite eggs, or both. We demonstrated that the supplemental food sources improved several fitness-determining traits of thrips with pollen, being nutritionally superior to mite eggs. Pollen reduced the development time and increased the population growth of thrips compared to mite eggs. When both pollen and mite eggs were available, thrips fed on both; pollen to improve nutritional status and eggs to eliminate the opponent, despite the latter’s consisting lower of nutritional benefit. In all, this study showed that omnivorous thrips benefit from a cucumber leaf diet that is supplemented with other food sources and that pollen and mite eggs increase several fitness traits and positively affect the dynamics of future thrips generations.Keywords: Tetranychus urticae, pollen, mite egg, Cucumis sativus, competition
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Page 27We investigated the effects of interaction between Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on parasitism and an immune effector (phenoloxidase activity) of a Bt-susceptible and a Bt-resistant population of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) in laboratory. Parasitism success of C. plutellae varied depending on the use of B. thuringiensis or its toxin, and the timing of application. Percentage parasitism was significantly greater on Cry1Ac-treated hosts than B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki-treated hosts (the susceptible population), and greater when hosts were treated with B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki before parasitism compared to that after parasitism (the resistant population). Specific phenoloxidase activity was significantly reduced in Cry1Ac-treated or parasitized hosts, but combined effect of the toxin and the parasitoid caused a greater reduction in phenoloxidase activity. The lower phenoloxidase activity in unparasitized resistant population of P. xylostella compared with the susceptible one is likely to be due to fitness costs, manifesting a possible trade-off between pathogen resistance and parasitoid resistance. However, C. plutellae overwhelmingly suppressed phenoloxidase activity of both the susceptible and resistant populations of P. xylostella. We found that the interaction between B. thuringiensis and C. plutellae was synergistic, which is promising for integration of the pathogen and the parasitoid in management of P. xylostella populations.Keywords: Plutella xylostella, parasitism success, phenoloxidase activity, pathogen resistance, parasitoid resistance, Cotesia plutellae, trade, off, Bacillus thuringiensis, synergistic
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Page 39During conduction a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes throughout Arasbaran forests and rangelands, north west of Iran in 2007-2008, an entomopathogenic nematode was isolated using Galleria baiting method from soil samples collected from rangelands, near Chichakloo, Varzeghan, East Azarbaijan. It was identified as Steinernema kraussei (Steiner, 1923) Travassos, 1927 based on morphology and morphometric characters, cross breeding test, as well as molecular data. This species can be separated from other members of the genus by medium body length of infective juvenile (818 μm), lateral field with eight ridges in which the central pair is less distinct than others, head smooth, long cephalic papillae, secretory-excretory pore located at the level of middle of esophagus and anterior to the nerve ring; broad, slightly yellowish and short spicules, low D% value and tail with fine mucron in males. The analysis of ITS-rDNA sequence placed Iranian population of S. kraussei in the ‘feltiae - kraussei - oregonense’ group in the clade that containing different isolates of the species. It has some morphological and morphometric differences such as long cephalic papillae of IJ, more curvature of spicules and absence of mucron in some males as compared with type species. The mentioned differences are considered as intraspecific variations, and the described population from Iran is another isolate of S. kraussei. This is the first record of S. kraussei from Iran.Keywords: Arasbaran, Iran, entomopathogenic nematodes, morphology, morphometrics, Steinernema kraussei
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Page 53A list of 20 species of the subfamily Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the Urmia region (Azarbaijan-e Gharbi province, Iran) is presented. The specimens were collected during 2005-2008 from six different localities. Adults were obtained from overwintering and mature seed heads of 17 plant species of Asteraceae. The species, Urophora xanthippe (Munro, 1934) is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. Thirteen new host plants are also reported for the first time. The host plants, collection date, locality as well as general distribution and associated plants of each species are given.Keywords: Tephritidae, fauna, Asteraceae, host plants, fruit flies, Urmia, Iran
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Page 67Trissolcus grandis Thomson is a solitary egg parasitoid of Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton. Although widely distributed, it has often been overlooked in field surveys. Our objectives were to develop an efficient rearing technique for T. grandis, and to determine the basic bionomics and demographic parameters, necessary for future augmentative biological control programs. Exposure of 0-4 h-old Sunn pest egg masses to parasitoids at 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 host-parasitoid ratios resulted in a parasitism rate of > 80%. The results demonstrated that the age of the host and the exposure time affected parasitism rate. However, parasitism rate did not differ significantly among 24, 48 and 72 h-old Sunn pest eggs. The percent of emerged parasitoids during the 24-h host exposure period was relatively high when host eggs were 24 h old. Moreover, the mean sex ratio showed a definite trend, suggesting that host age had an effect on the sex ratio of the T. grandis offspring. The mean developmental time obtained as 11.091 ± 0.1 and 9.68 ± 0.15 d. for female and male progenies, respectively. The longevity of females was ~ 30% lower compared to that of males. The average net fecundity reached 181.83 eggs per female. On the other hand, a female laid averagely ~ 7 eggs per day. Similarly, the daily population increase and mean generation time were 34.2%, and 14.61 d, respectively. The developing population consisted of 99% immature (egg, larvae, pupa), and only 1% adults. The importance of these findings to the population biology of this parasitoid is discussed.Keywords: Trissolcus grandis, biological control, demographics, Eurygaster integriceps
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