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تاریخ پژوهی - پیاپی 74 (پاییز 1397)

نشریه تاریخ پژوهی
پیاپی 74 (پاییز 1397)

  • 192 صفحه،
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/10/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • Dr. Azam Bahrami Page 7
    The 4th century AH (913 CE – 1009 CE) of Islam is known as The Islamic Renaissance regarding growing and booming in science and culture. The weakness of the Abbasid Caliphate caused to dissolving of it into several small independent or quasi-independent state which made to occur several areas of thought that had been influenced by the Omarā competition that each of them was trying to attract more scholars and litterateurs for priding and as a propaganda tool. In this century, due to the massive Knowledge production by Muslims and the new works which was translated and compiled since the translation movement and caused to the growing and rising in the thought of the Islamic society which was followed by
    establishing of different think tanks. For instance, the circle of science and literature in Isfahan by leader of Sahib ibn Abbad, a large number of scholars and litterateurs in Bukhara, the center of the Samanids, the Fatimids in Egypt and the Levant in the West side of Islamic world, and the Umayyads in Cordoba can be mentioned as the states which was supporter of Science and scientists. The literature lover personality of Sayf ud-Dawla, being a supporter of science and knowledge in the Hamdanid dynasty's rulers, the situation of Aleppo and the presence of great scholars and poets at Hamdanid's court are the examples of flourishing and illustrating the cultural situation of the period. This research seeks to study the cultural and literary conditions of the state with regards the abovementioned components.
    Keywords: Hamdanid, Aleppo, Sayf ud-Dawla, Culture, Literature
  • Shahnaz Hojati Najafabadi Page 27
    An origin of power and legitimating factor of kingdom in the Sassanid era was divine glory, but nature and mortar of this power was according to the will and acceptance of a group of elites including high priests (Mobbedans), military and
    bureaucratic aristocracy, and other great ones and nobilities who were of importance and influence as hidden layers of power. At the time of strong and potent kings, this collective power came under of king's individual power, but at the time of other kings, it was this collective power that not only under shadowed king's individual power but also the whole political of Sassanid.  There was always conflict and tension among these layers of power which comprised top classes of the society. Sometimes a presence of common interests caused unanimity and convergence among these classes, but most of the time relationship between these classes was hypertensive, hostile, and based on jealousy, rivalry, criticism and conspiracy, and intrigue. On the other hand, since the kings saw their influence, ruling and supremacy in danger, they always looked at them with fear, caution combined with pessimism, meanwhile according to centralized policy in Sassanid era the king should by acting as chief of high layers of society to have them under his and supervision and establish balance of power among them, and in order to protect and stabilize the monarchy's ruling and power, should establish a proper relationship with them,  and by supporting Zarathustra religious apparatus against minorities and protecting priests' rational interests made the religious apparatus support structure of government and legitimacy of Sassanid dynasty. However, from the second half of Sassanid ruling, this relationship becomes disturbed, and the social order faces crisis; crisis of legitimacy, management, strife and quarreling,  rivalry, treason, suspicion, conspiracy, coup d'état and insurgency, abuse of
    privileges and power, bigotry, violence, and greed of authorities which as a result of distrust or lapse of confidence as the most important pillar of social capital, confront the whole set with inability and inefficiency in composing or observance of organizational principles and structural ، and by ruling of such circumstances, the connections are completely ruined and Sassanid regime breaks down.
    Keywords: Social capital, Trust, solidarity, Political structure, Socialrelations, Social classes
  • Fereshte Tabib Page 55
    After the fall of the Barmakids, the Islamic Empire started to weaken, and the partitioning of Abbasid caliphate began since Harun al-Rashid. After a while, during a speech, Harun al-Rashid mentioned all the consequences which were caused by the absence of Barmakids dynasty. By slaughtering of the Barmakids, Persians’ influence decreased in the Abbasid state apparatus for a short period. However, during the struggle between Amin and Ma'mun which resulted to victory of Ma'mun over Amin with leadership of his Iranian prominent commander-in-chief, Tahir Dhul-Yamīnayn and the reinstating of Ma’mun to power again by the Iranian minister, Abu l-Abbas al-Fadl ibn Sahl, Persians regained their influence and power in the Abbasid
    caliphate and the ruling of Islamic lands once again.
    Keywords: Al-Sahel, Al-Fadl ibn Sahl, Hassan Ibn-Sahl, Ma’mun, AbbasidCaliphate, Persians
  • Sara Aliloo Page 67
    Slavery in Central Asia is rooted in the history of this region, and its shape and mode have changed in the course of time and historical periods according to the condition and condition and situation. However, from the general perspective, slavery and taking slave in the region have social, political, religious and economic roots. In this article, in addition to the review of its historical roots, as well as it has been assessed from the religious, social, political, economic and interpersonal point of view in the region where was under the rule of the state Bukhara. In this period, in light of the relationship with the new world, we can see the presence of Western scholars and travelogue writers in the region. In their writings, they have considered the issue from the human viewpoint, and have uncovered the terrible conditions of this inhumane business. Hence, in this article have been attempted to review a brief introduction of the issue importance, the history, the administrative-social organization, the role of religion in the development of this phenomenon, its continuation in the Emirate of  Bukhara, the role of Turkmen tribes in the process of slavery, different stages of this phenomenon, and economic role. In the end, a summary of the article has been provided.
    Keywords: Central Asia, Emirate of Bukhara, Slavery, Bukhara, Turkmentribes, Slaves market
  • Nasrin Yadgar Salehi , Shadi Hajizadeh Page 99
    The industrial development of the country had been one of the most crucial issues for Reza Shah. He along with his political consultants and executives tried to take advantage of states which had less threaten to Iran's national interest for reducing economic pressure on society. Hence, due to the lack of having a colonial background in the Middle East and the availability of sufficient funds and technical advisers, Germany was considered the best option for cooperation with Iran in the period. This article, it is tried to answer the main question about the role of Germany in the economic progress of Iran between the two World Wars by enjoying the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach and using library resources. In answer to the question, it is supposed that Germany had played a significant  role in the development of the economic development of Iran between the two world wars.
    Keywords: Iran, Germany, Reza Shah Pahlavi, Economic Relations, Industry, Business
  • Ali Yeahyaei, Azam Ganji Harsini Page 117
    Khorasan has always been one of the most effective areas in historical events. Although Khorasan and its people have played a great role in the establishment of Abbasid's Caliphate and their position in that time is quite apparent, there has been no research to date to clarify the administrative status of Khorasan during 73 years (from Abbasid revolution until semiindependent Taherid regime), or to pinpoint the number and character of governors in that area as well as the cause of their coming to office, etc. Since this area has been one of the most prominent provinces in the Islamic realm, and its governors' coming to office and leaving it has been very significant, this study aims at finding how important this area has been to
    Abbasids and how it has been ruled by them. According to the nature of the topic, we used historical research method, the descriptive – analytical approach and the way of data collecting has been taking notes and using the library. The results show that Abbasids have sent 25 governors to Khorasan during this time who have been elected due to their personal traits as well as the social and political condition of the area.
    Keywords: Abbasid’s Governors of Khorasan, Abbasids, Khorasan's politicalsituation, Taherids