پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 45 (خرداد و تیر 1396)

The book From Secular Science to Religious Science (Golshani, 1998/2013) is the result of an attempt to criticize the secular approach to science and call to a religious approach to science. The author has taken two steps in criticizing the secular approach. First, he argues that science needs an orientation; an orientation that stems from the scientist’s worldview. In the meantime, the author criticized positivism and attempts to show that science has metaphysical presuppositions. Second, the author argues that science needs morality in the application of scientific findings without which it leads to destruction. Using the methods of internal and external critique, this article argues that in spite of the author’s attention to the relationship between science and metaphysics, he has not been successful in the exploration of this relationship. This is because, on the one hand, he reduces the relationship to the application of findings and the realm of ethics and, on the other hand, regards metaphysics as something that is added to science a posteriori. The very additional and a posteriori approach urges the author to take a neutral nature for science that, in its turn, shows that he has not completely freed himself from positivism. This article suggests that a proper conception of religious science regards an integrative relationship between science and metaphysics. Contrary to Reichenback, and Stanmark following him, this relationship does not lead science to the malign relativism even though a sound degree of relativism would involve science.

The aim of the present study was a review of “Conceptual Creative Realism” as a methodological model of Islamic science (Iman & Kelateh Sadati, 1392). The model had some strong points including a new presentation of science structure as well as a new definition congruent with the Islamic point of view entered in a new paradigm. Also, the model defined knowledge’s hierarchical in different way where the God’s laws would be at the top of this hierarchical. Reality is further up observations and objective experiences as well as the correct criterion defined according to Islamic direction. In the other side, the model had some weakness points including speaking in general, not specified, and missing link between the different concepts, as well as having ambiguity responding this question that how we can specified the borders between the different knowledge sources such as sensation experiences, wisdom and intuition. In sum, the model evaluated as an effective model which could have valued contribution to the Islamic science.

The purpose of this study was the pathology of text criticism in the humanities in the country from the view of some scholars and critics in this field. For this purpose, a sample of referees in the field of humanities was selected who had cooperation with the literature review and humanities books Council in the review of books and assessment tools were available for them.
These tools were built and set based on the several year experience of the researcher. The results showed that the most important damages of humanities book criticism in mentioned Council is related to structural function of groups, such as incomplete groups, comprehensiveness; lack of identification of empower professors in the country and defects in the referees, ring. Finally, practical suggestions and strategies are provided based on these results in order to promore criticism in the field of humanities in the country.

This study will focus on the book "We and our philosophical heritage" and the position and attitude Mohammed Abed al-Jabri, based on a global approach works criticized human sciences.It also pays to external analysis and origin of the work and its author. For non-cognitive factors are affecting the formation of thought.Moreover, described the status of related work among other works in the field of specialization as well as the history of its formation.Then we will discuss the internal analysis and place of work, the main topics and focus, philosophy and methodology, assumptions, theories, in effect, a way of reasoning and logic, theory works and achievements, as well as references and citations Effect.The most important part of this article we will evaluate the effect Jabri In this section, the final reflections on the content of the work and evaluate the form, structure and methodology of how to translate reviewed and, if necessary, it is appropriate to consider the continuation of approach consequences of scientific experts in the investigation further.

Dr. Alipour and Dr. Hasani have presented a theory in the field of religious science, called “Ijtehadic Paradigm of Religious Science.”
According to the capabilities and limitations of the concept of paradigm in Kuhn's philosophy of science, and compared with terms such as school in the literature of Hawzah, they have redefined the paradigm and have presented their theory based on this new definition. In the "Ijtehadic Paradigm of Religious Science" they have attempted to show that the results of Ijtehadic method are valid and considered as knowledge. They also have shown how to use different resources and methods in a coherent system. In this paper, after a report from this book, different aspects of that are reviewed with a critical approach.

Methodology is one of fundamental lesson in all scientific courses. In recent decades,qualitative methods of research attract many researcher's attention but unfortunately, the share of academic texts in this newfound field is rare. "Qualitative Research Methodology" by Dr. Imanhas many privileges and numerous initiatives and can compensate shortage of qualitative research methodology text to some extent. Nevertheless, there are some formal, structural and content defects in this book. This study conducted by documentary method recommends some modification of organized cases and explains (a) many existing problems, (b) the necessity of formal and content edition of book especially some diagrams, models and chapter 5 allocated to discourse analysis. This study tries to criticize the above-mentioned book and propose some modifications. Furthermore, of this study's achievements is (a) presentation of logical structure of writing organized according to Aristotle's division and (b) presentation of its application in structural review of the book.

Delivering on the Promise of Pro-Poor Growth contributes to the debate on how to accelerate poverty reduction by providing insights from eight countries that have been relatively successful in delivering pro-poor growth: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Tunisia, Uganda, and Vietnam. It integrates growth analytics with the microanalysis of household data to determine how country policies and conditions interact to reduce poverty and to spread the benefits of growth across different income groups. It is an advantage of pro-poor growth theory that instead of focusing on redistribution of income for the poor, it focuses on the pattern of economic growth and proposes participation in growth. The absolute pro-poor growth (in the Indian experience) and relative pro-poor growth (in the Bangladesh experience) have been used in this book. It is not clear how much poverty reduction should be, in order to make the growth, pro-poor. In addition, in this book, inclusive growth, which is a more general notion than pro-poor, is not considered. In this paper, pro-poor policies in India centered around the eradication of absolute poverty during 1958 to 2000, have been compared with inclusive growth policies of the India's eleventh and twelfth development Plans during 2007-2017.

The study discuses Professor Seyed Hossein Nasr’s idea of traditionalism; a discourse of traditionalism that seeks to resurrect the divine science relied on divine tradition, perennial philosophy, and intuitive reason. In negative dimension, acknowledging cognitive, moral, and environmental crises caused by modern sciences and their Inefficiency as well, made him criticize these sciences and emphasize a return to the scientific tradition and philosophic heritage of the past. In affirmative dimension, he emphasizes a return to the divine sciences and production of religious sciences as a savior of the situation. To him, the characteristics of divine sciences are: disassociation between metaphysical dimension and the physical dimension, longitudinal outlook towards the hierarchies of universe, symbolism, traditional scientific language, and avoiding utilitarian outlook. In fact, to return to tradition means to invite to be equipped with the past scientific tradition, to get free from western domination, and to be immune from the invasion of technology waves, social structures, and modern sciences. However such a support for scientific tradition is passive, because it loses to confront with modern sciences intelligently and from the standpoint of power. It is an invitation for solitary, in order not to confront with west.

Criticism of "The Relation between Science and Religion in Western" The relation between science and religion is one of the most controversial researches in contemporary ages. Several books and articles are published in Persian and other languages. "The Relation between Science and Religion in Western" that is written by Mohammad Rezaey Esfahany is one of them. This book is written for students but it is not textbook. Simple literature, small volume of book pages and keep away from professional phrase is some of privileges of this book. Inconsistency of volumes of chapters and no connection between main titles and subcategories decreased the coherence of book. The title of book doesn’t correspond to the content. The content of this book doesn't show all kinds of relations between science and religion. If focuses only on conflict between them and on social and psychological aspects of them and spoke about causes of church opposition with Galileo. The author used Popper and Kant's principles to solve this conflict and this usage threatens the value of religious proposition from another aspects