پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 46 (امرداد و شهریور 1396)

Michael Sandel(2012) criticizes the neoliberal policies that presented and implemented in many countries from 1970’s in his book ”What Money Cant Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets”. The Writer, in his book, has criticized a situation in which neoliberal policies has been led to commodification and monetization of social relations. He shows that how our daily and routine experiences have lost its social and collective aspect. The individuals asses and justify their incentives on the material profit (and loss)basis. This paper is structured in the framework of formal critique and content critique; The cases in this paper, are that there are important differences between them and so, we cannot include them the same. But, the writer categorizes all of them in just onecategory and presents similar explanation about all of them.This is the most important critique to the book that describes it as a book for”how we livein the market-oriented capitalist world”.

This paper reviews the concepts mentioned in the book "Economics for Everyone", and provide a critical view on the content of the book.
The emphasis of the book and the author's and original reasons for writing the book include: there is not enough exchange between economic students and others about economic issues. On the other hand, presenting difficult and complex economic concepts in simple language.
The book is trying to explain complex concepts in macroeconomics for public community by using Eloquent and fluent expression.Despite having such a benefit book is not very good for people who lack the knowledge economy because for the study, individuals need to know the assumptions in this field. On the other hand emphasis on simplification of the concepts has led the author has been neglected to provide many of the prerequisite concepts. This leads to reduced cohesion and logical arrangement in details.
Despite of the overall coherence and presenting analysis based on neo-classical view it seems that review and reorganization of work in such a way that the reader can understand the relationship between the concepts listed and the course book, Help to increase the coherence of the book.

The text explains six main intellectual frameworks in the development Economics based on Cohen's paradigm. Since the publication of Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962, researchers in the natural sciences and then social sciences, particularly economic researchers tried to apply paradigmatic analysis in a variety of disiplines including development. Hunt’s book is a good example of such works.
Modernization, structuralism, Neo-Marxism, Maoism, basic needs and Neoclassical Economics as competing paradigms have been discussed in this work. The author explains dependency theory, but does not recognize it as a paradigm. In this paper, the author’s definition of Paradigm, has been criticized. Another critique to the text is Incommensurability of paradigms that constitute the book's approach.
Economic Methodologists, which are viewed economics from the perspective of Cohen’s scientific revolution, they recognized Keynesian economics as true paradigm shift in economics and development economists recognized the shift from modernization to dependency theory as a true paradigm shift in development. Finally, institutionalist approach to economic development, neglected and has not been discussed in the text.

It can be claimed that the subject of justice is the basis and the source of different theories - as well as affairs management - in the arena of human social life. Social science theorists cannot escape from resorting to a concept and theory of justice in order to prove of justify their theory in any of these sciences. In the analysis of each theory of justice, three factors are considered:
• First, the basis of justice: what does the theory think about the basis of justice? The answer to this question also identifies the methodology of the theorist of justice in explaining his or her conception of justice.
• Second, the scope of justice: what is the scope and area in which the theory of ​​justice is offered?
• Third, the definition of Justice: What does the concept of justice represent?
Rawls, in The Theory of Justice, has tried to answer all three questions, and the same integrity makes Rawl's theory of justice, among remarkable ideas of justice in recent decades. In this paper, while introducing the general structure of the book and a brief reconstruction of his theory, criticisms of the book, with emphasis on two factors - the scope and the definition of justice - in Rawls theory, are discussed.

This paper aims to review the “Economic threats and resistance economy”. The authors believe that economic war (sanctions) is the main threat to Iran’s economy that is an instrument of exercising power. It is also noted that the economy is more vulnerable to sanctions in cyber areas, science and technological dependency in industrial areas and economic dependency to oil sector. Among offered proposals, establishing an economic defence system and base is more applicable. The authors’ effort on finding the links among economy, defence and security is the most important strength point of the book. However, the book could be enhanced in terms of its statistical analysis, credibility of some references and old statistics usage. Although the title mentions resistance economy, but the text doesn’t perpend on general policies of resistance economy. It is necessary to pay more attention to requirements and consistency of resistance economy pattern, comprehensive defence and security pattern and its role in resistance economy. The book could be used as a secondary reference for courses like Iran’s economy and development economics. Nevertheless, a basic move is to establish academic fields like defence economics in graduate level.

The idea of the proper role of the public sector (the state) in the economy has been discussed from the ancient times and due to its importance has entered the educational programs of universities around the world. This paper introduces and critically analyses Jonathan Gruber`s Book entitled Public Finance and Public Policy. The book is one of the most recent textbooks in the field and is used as the main textbook in the public sector economics courses in many universities. The main strengths of the book are: fulfilling the formal standards of textbooks, up to date contents, the author`s emphasis on the practical and experimental issues of the public finance, its logical order and its very user friendly writing. But the book has some important shortcomings such as: its emphasis on the Pareto approach and neglecting alternative approaches such as the Rawlsian approach or the Amarya sen`s capability approach, lack of care to the historical approach and issues, neglecting non-liberal economists` theories (e.g. socialist theories), neglecting the specific issues of the public finance in developing countries and ignoring new scientific instruments and issues such as game theory and behavioral public finance.