نشریه پژوهش های مکانی فضایی
پیاپی 4 (پاییز 1396)

Underdeveloped countries, with a growing concentration of population and social and economic activity, face major cities, causing deep gaps between urban and rural settlements. Therefore, the issue of spatial justice and social justice has been raised more than ever. In response to this idea, the spatial decentralization approach was developed in the regional planner's minds and led to the adoption of different strategies. One of the most important strategies is to focus on small cities. The present research study investigates the role of small and newly established small towns through descriptive-analytic method of data collection, in the mountainous area of southern Guilan, which is a desirable applied target in this study. The method of data collection is in the form of library and field studies. The EXCEL software was used for mathematical calculations and plotting, and GIS software was used to draw thematic maps. Data used in the research include demographic and economic indicators during the period of the census from 1986 to
2011. To measure the level of development and the impact of small cities in regional development, the tensile coefficient, entropy, centrality index and base economy model have been used as research techniques and analysis unit. The results of the entropy model have shown that the cities of Deylaman and Baresar, and their under influenced villages have pushed for balance in the urban hierarchy and spatial distribution. But the city of Jiranda has been a factor in the concentration of population. The pull-out model also found that population concentration in these cities was higher due to more socio-economic services. According to the centrality index, residents of the direct penetration area of the city of Baresar are in order of ranking the villages of the direct penetration area, but the city of Jiranda is deprived of this order. The Locational Coefficient (LQ) determined that these cities are self-sufficient in the industry. The city of Deylmann is poor in agriculture, but in the service sector it is well-off. In contrast, Baresar and Jirandeh’s economy is highly dependent to agriculture and they export agricultural products to other areas. But in the service sector they are dependent on other cities and receive the services they need from other places.

Drought is a phenomenon that influences human life in the form of climate change, and climate change has added to its severity. In this research, the phenomenon of drought in one of the country's most prominent provinces, Khuzestan, has been investigated. For this purpose, precipitation data of 14 stations of the province during the statistical period of 30 years - 1986 to 2016 - were used. The method of this study was to investigate the drought condition of the province based on the index of precipitation index of SPI and also the probability of the occurrence and duration of drought return with different intensities and also the analysis of the drought trend. The results of this study showed that the amount of drought was higher in the south and west and south-east. The trend test showed that in more than 858 of the area of the province is increasing drought trend. Also, the study of drought return periods showed that mild and moderate droughts with the average return of 3 and 10 years old had the highest probability of occurrence in the province, respectively. A review of the return period of drought with different intensities showed that southern regions experience drought in the longer term, if the period of drought returns in the northern provinces is shorter. This means that the stations with a higher rainfall will suffer from a shorter period of drought.

Passive defense is the least costly preventive measure. Compliance with its principles improves system performance and reduces vulnerability in critical situations. Obviously, the goal of paying attention to passive defense is the ability to survive, increase deterrence and sustainability, as well as facilitate crisis management in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. Therefore, since the stability of rural areas as food security suppliers is critical in critical situations, attention to the physical elements of these areas is of particular importance. Accordingly, rural housing as an important element in rural areas requires a fundamental attention. The aim of this study is evaluate the role of passive defense measures on rural housing in PiranShahr. In this regard, 15 villages were selected as sample villages and 250 questionnaires were completed through simple random sampling. Finally, SPSS software was used to analyze the information. The results indicate that rural housing in the study area has a worn-out texture, low resistance to natural threats, and so on. Therefore, in using passive defense principles, it is moderate and less than average, and if these principles are used, rural housing resilience will increase in response to natural threats.

Today, information and communication technology has grown widely among different countries, and this technology needs to be implemented and efficiently used to capture the benefits of information and communication technology. On the other hand, countries face this threat, if they do not identify the growing digital divide within the country or between their countries and other countries, they will suffer from backwardness. In this research, we study and analyze the effects of ICT on economic development of rural areas of Mazinan with emphasis on business development. The data collection method was library and field studies and then 319 households through using the Cochran formula were selected as the sample size for studies related to the number of households living in the villages. To examine the impact of information technology, a series of indicators were considered in the economic dimension. T-test and Spearman test were used to analyze the collected data through questionnaires. The results of the research confirm that there is a significant relationship between ICT and economic development in Mazinan rural district, and IT has had the greatest impact on increasing job opportunities. Also, according to the research findings, the "new job skills learning" and "computer-driven employment prevalence" indicators were the highest with a mean score of 2.49. The "empowerment of the rural poor" indicators with a mean of 1.83 and "avoidance of handicraft producer's migration" with an average of 1.91 points were the lowest.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical effects of rural migrations to the city of Izeh. Methodology of present study is descriptive – analytic. Required information is collected from documentary method (to consider study literature and statistics and required information from statistical offices of statistics center, municipality and …( and field or survey method )Visits and objective observations from the city of Izeh to obtain some of the information that was not available). Also, based on the images of the sky, the old maps and the quantitative and qualitative information available in the municipality and other city institutions, as well as the use of aerial photos, we sought to examine the points that were prone to physical progress. Therefore, the physical and infrastructural impacts of village migration to the city of Izeh will be used through objective observation, interviews and information of the city's infrastructure. In general, in the developing areas of Izeh city, physical and infrastructural influences include: inadequacy of building strength, health issues, lack of use of different applications and their mismatches, lack of appropriate access and standard passages, etc.

The emergence of human settlements has always been based on natural, economic, social and physical factors and Villages as the first form of human collective life in a natural arena are influenced through many natural, economic features and …. Spatial- locational factors such as altitude, slope, temperature and precipitation of natural settlements affecting the emergence and development of rural settlements which some play more effective role in this regard. The present study had been done through a descriptive-analytic approach through field and library studies using the SWOT model for strategic analysis and with the aim of investigating the effective factors in the emergence and development of rural settlements in Hasan Robat village of Shahin Shahr and Meymah, according to natural criteria (spatial-locational) as well as some economic, social and physical factors. The most important strategies in this regard are the rural tourism and agricultural development, rural irregular texture correction and village livestock development.

The issue of the aging population of Iran, especially in rural areas, is due to various reasons, such as declining birth rates, advances in medical science, health, education, and increased life expectancy. It can also be said that this affects the various dimensions of the social and economic life of the inhabitants of cities and villages. For this purpose, in this article, the researchers have tried to investigate and identify the effects of rural population aging on the economic activity of rural villages in Hamoun province. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies and field studies as well as completion of the questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed in the framework of theoretical discussion of the research using the hierarchical analysis model (SAW). The results of the research show that among 10 indicators used to determine the effects of population aging on the economic situation of villages in Hamoun, the index of labor shortage in economic activities with a score of 0.165 has significant effect on population aging on the rural economy of the Hamoun county. It can be said that the aging population of villages and the migration of young people to other cities have caused a lot of damage to the rural areas of this region, and the index of inability to cultivate all agricultural land with 0.660 is the last rank of the population's aging effect on the rural economy. Therefore, in order to prevent the irreparable effects of population aging on the rural economy, efforts must be made to survive the young population in rural areas in order to achieve sustainable development in rural areas.