مجله علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1391)

This study was carried out to determine the distribution of bud necrosis in the vineyards of Fars Province, in a factorial experiment as completely randomized design (CRD). In fall and winter (during dormancy period) 30 canes of each cultivar with different diameters were harvested and the bud necrosis percentage was calculated on the basis of cutting sections (1 to 5, 6 to 10 and 11 to 15 nodes). Results indicated that percentage of the primary bud necrosis was different in 1-5 nodes depending on the cultivar and the region. ‘Siyah-e-Shiraz’ cultivar indicated the highest bud necrosis percentage (30.2%) in Saadat-Shahr region and the lowest percentage in Shiraz region (2.66%). The lowest percentage of bud necrosis was observed in ‘Askari’ and ‘Siyah-e-Shiraz’ cultivars (3.33%) in Doshman-Ziyari region and the highest percentage (20.66%) was in ‘Lorkosh’ cultivar. Also in most cultivars, a positive correlation was observed between vigor (according to cane diameter) and incidence of bud necrosis, although this correlation was negative with cane length.

The effects of salinity on growth and mineral nutrition of four Iranian grape genotypes (Ghazandayi, Aghshani, Anghootkeh and Shirazi) was studied. Rooted cuttings with 4-5 fully expanded leaves were grown in aerated Hoagland solutions and salinity was applied as nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM of NaCl for two weeks. Growth significantly (P<0.05) decreased by increasing salinity in all genotypes. Sh irazi genotype was more severely affected than others. Chloride and sodium contents were increased in all plant parts and all genotypes with increasing salinity. Sodium accumulation exceeded that of chloride in all parts and all treatments. Anghootkeh genotype had lower and Shirazi had higher chloride and sodium accumulation in shoots of all treatments. There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.01) between nitrate and chloride in all genotypes. Potassium content decreased in all genotypes with increasing salinity; Anghootkeh was less affected. It seems that Shirazi is a sensitive genotype, but Anghootkeh can tolerate salinity probably by reducing Cl- transport to lamina.

Influence of different rootstocks on fruit yield and some vegetative and reproductive traits of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple during four seasons (2008-2011, 5-8 year old respectively), togheder with some physiological characteristics and content of minerals during two seasons (2010-2011) were evaluated. The results indicated significant effects of rootstock on net photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), CO2 concentration (Ci), mineral uptake and cropping of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees grafted on M.9, MM.106, MM.111 and seedling rootstocks. Net photosynthesis and mesophilic conductance were higher in trees grafted on M9 rootstock than other rootstocks. Alternatively, MM106 and MM.111 had the lowest and the highest rate of transpiration respectively. Significant differences existed among rootstocks in terms of stomatal conductance, CO2 concentration and leaf temperature. However, correlation was not observed between growth vigor and those traits. Effect of rootstocks on cropping was significant and trees on seedling had the highest yield per tree but the lowest yield efficiency, while M9 rootstock had the highest. Tree height, trunk cross sectional area, leaf area, Chlorophyll contents and number of flowers were influenced by rootstock type. The potential of mineral uptake in evaluated rootstocks was different. Rootstocks had significant effect only for N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu.

Urbanization requires development of proper landscape but water is a limiting factor for this purpose. Using drought resistant plants in landscape design is one of the main proposed methods to overcome this problem. Introducing proper grasses for land cover with drought resistance ability is very useful for water conservation in dry areas. In this research five species, varieties and population including perennial ryegrass and mix sport, also Cynodon dactylon×C.transvalensis (‘tifway’), C.dactylon (88-khl) and crested wheatgrass were compared for their potential to withs tand moisture stress. After 3 months, the established plants were exposed to drought stress by withholding water until each plant source was completely turned yellow and died. This experiment was conducted factorially using randomized complete block design with 3 replications in greenhouse. Results indicated that relative water content and leaf growth were significantly reduced in stressed plants. Reduction in leaf water content and leaf growth observed earlier in cool season grasses than in warm season grasses. Moisture stress in all plants reduced leaf color and increased electrolyte leakage and percent leaf firing. Wheatgrass, ‘tifway’ and population 88 were able to maintain their color and density longer than other grasses. Electrolyte leakage and percent leaf firing were also observed later than others in these grasses. Root depth was significantly smaller in ryegrass and mix sport than other grasses under experiment. Range of measured indicators for wheatgrass was lower than range of other grasses and wheatgrass showed more resistant to drought.

Producing cantaloupe fruits for early in the spring is very important in terms of price. Suitable cultivars, polyethylene mulch (PM) and ethephon are amongst the candidate. The present study compares three cantaloupe cultivars and evaluate their responses to interactive effects of PM and ethephon. ‘Galia’ showed low vigor and ‘Annans’ produced more fruit yield, compared with other cultivars. In terms of fruit earliness, ‘Galia’ was very early, ‘Shapasandi’ early and ‘Annanas’ was late. ‘Galia’ and ‘Sahapasandi’ had better shelf life. PM increased soil temperature (5o C), relative water content (27%), leaf area (43%), shoot fresh mass (20%) and fruit yield (40%). Interactive effect of PM and ethephon was significant for fruit yield and earliness. Under no PM, ethephon decreased fruit yield by 22%, whereas this was only 15% when mulch was used. Higher yield was produced in all cultivars when PM was used; ‘Galia’ (41.2 t h-1), ‘Shapasandi’ (33 t h-1) and ‘Annanas’ (42 t h-1) with 7 days earliness and the earliest fruits were obtained when PM was used with ethephon (10-13 days earlier). However, ‘Galia’, with low growth vigor, high yield and harvest index could be introduced for early fruit production.

Due to the accurance of droughts events in recent years and the role of water as an effective factor in agricultural management, optimized use and proper exploitation of available water resources for example unusual resource like treated wastewater in irrigating agricultural products, is not only a necessary topic, but also helps water resource preservation and partial compensation of agricultural water deficiency, thus resolving detrimental effects of unmethodical discharge. The aim of the present research, was to study the effects of various states of two different qualities of irrigation water (urban treated wastewater and ground water) and N.P.K fertilizer in 6 treatment steps including: W (ground water or control treatment), TS (urban treated wastewater), W-F (ground water with N.P.K fertilizer), TS-W (50% urban treated wastewater and 50% ground water), TS-F (urban treated wastewater with N.P.K fertilizer) and TS-W-F (50% urban treated wastewater and 50% ground water with N.P.K fertilizer) with sub surface drip irrigation (Tape) method on performance broccoli and accumulation of macro and micro elements, heavy metals and organic compounds was conducted in 2010 in Bajgah region of Fars Province. The result indicated considerable effect of use of urban treated wastewater on economical and biological broccoli performance and proved that urban treated wastewater can be supplied the required nutrient instead of chemical fertilizer. The use of urban treated wastewater mixed with ground water and fertilizer, in addition to increase the economic broccoli performance, led to the increase of the growth of other plant organs. The results indicated that in TS-W and TS-W-F treatments (50% urban treated wastewater and 50 ground water, compared with TS and TS-F treatments (irrigated by urban treated wastewater), adding fertilizer caused an remarkable increase in broccoli economical performance. Application of urban treated wastewater had an considerable effect in production and accumulation of organic compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin B6 and protein in yield and caused an increase in the accumulation macro and micro elements, heavy metals (such as lead and cadmium) in broccoli, but it had not effect on accumulation of nickel in broccoli.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of putrescine or methyl jasmonate on some characteristics of orange (Citrus sinences L.var.Valencia) fruit. Harvested fruits were treated with 0 (control), 2.5 and 5 mM putrescine or 0 (control), 10 and 2 μM methyl jasmonate and then stored at 5±1°C, 85-90 % relative humidity for 4 months. Five mM putrescine and 10 μM methyl jasmonate significantly reduced chilling injuries, decay and fruit weight loss (dry peel) compared to the control treatment. During storage, carotenoid, anthocyanin, Peel reducing sugars of treated and control fruits increased and fruit peel water reduced. In general, fruits treated with 5 mM putrescine showed superior appearance with the least chilling injury.

This experiment was carried to study the interactive effects of salinity and ammoniumnitrate ratios on olive seedlings. Experimental layout was factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. In this research four levels of salinity (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and different ratios of ammonium/ nitrate including: N0: a solution without ammonium + 14 meq l-1 nitrate; N2: a solution containing 2 meq l-1 ammonium + 12 meq/l nitrate; N4: a solution containing 4 meq l-1 ammonium + 10 meq l-1 nitrate; N6: a solution containing 6 meq l-1 Ammonium + 8 meq l-1 nitrate, were applied on one-year old olive seedlings grown in perlite:sand media (1:1). Results indicated that different levels of salinity decreased the vegetative growth parameters, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate and increased the leaf abscission and Na absorption in different rates depending on cultivars. Also it was observed that increasing ammonium in the nutrient solution enhanced the leaf area, leaf number, leaf dry matter and photosynthesis rate in ‘Zard’ cultivar while reduced the mentioned parameters in ‘Arbiquina’ cultivar. Treatmeant 6:8 ratio nutrition in moderate salinity level was able to nullify some deleterious effects of salinity on leaf abscission, leaf area, leaf number, photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll index. This effect was more obvious in ‘Zard’ than ‘Arbiquina’ cultivar.

Providing the plants with sufficient water while the arid and semi-arid areas suffering from water deficit crisis, is a major limiting factor in urban landscape development. Applying low-quality water resources is of high importance in sustainable landscape management and water-wise landscaping. Reclaimed water is one of the most significant available water resources that shall be consumed in agriculture and urban landscape maintenance. In order to investigate the impact of water quality and its application method on olive trees, an experiment was carried out on eight-year old olive trees. The trees were irrigated by a new subsurface-leaky irrigation (SLI) system and surface irrigation in line with irrigation with clear and reclaimed water for two years. The results revealed that SLI system could enhance trees growth, enlarge leaves surface and elevate leaves chlorophyll content. In addition, irrigating trees by using reclaimed water could enlarge leaves surface, enhance annual and current year growth, increased leaves chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Trees grown under SLI irrigation system surprisingly showed a 100% increase in growth when compared to surface irrigation. It seems that SLI could be a more efficient system than the surface irrigation and wastewater can be used in irrigation of urban landscapes.

The area under cultivation of muskmelon (cv. ‘Ananas’) is increasing in Iran. This cultivar is very sweet but has soft flesh and short shelf life. The present trial studied the interactive effects of foliarly applied with potassium (K); 0, 1 and 2 g l-1, calcium (Ca); 0 and 3 g l-1 and humic acid (HA); 0 and 1.5 g l-1 on growth parameters, fruit yield and quality. Compared with control treatment, K, Ca or HA increased relative water content (RWC), lateral branches, plant length, fruit length and diameter, flesh firmness at harvest and postharvest and peel thickness. Fruit number and brix were influenced by interactive effects of K and HA and flesh firmness and shelf life by K and Ca. Leaf number, final fruit yield and vitamin C, leaf and flesh K, Ca and Mg contents were increased by combinations of K (2 g l- 1), Ca (3 g l-1) and HA (1.5 g l-1) and therefore this treatment can be recommend to increased fruit yield and improve shelf life.