مجله علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

Almond trees have been grown in Iran for many years. Despite almond has been classified as salt semi-tolerant plant, poor quality of irrigation water in association with salt has reduced the yields of almond over recent years. Salicylic acid (SA) is responsible for inducing tolerance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Thas, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of SA on salinity stress alleviation of bitter almond seedling. The experiment was set up as factorial experiment in completely randomized design with two factors including NaCl concentration (0, 40 or 80 mM) and SA at three levels (0, 0.5 or 1 mM). The results showed that salt stress decreased some vegetative growth parameters and relative water content and increased ion leakage and leaf proline content in almond seedlings. Application of SA improved vegetative growth parameters, decreased proline concentration, increased water relative content and leaf chlorophyll index. Improved stress indexes in SA- treated seedlings showed that applied of SA ameliorated the adverse effects of injury caused by salt stress.

Information on the genetic diversity in the target population is the basic step of each breeding program. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of Iranian endemic coriander 16 populations, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the research field of faculty of agricultural sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran in 2014. The differences among coriander genotypes were significant for all studied traits. Results of mean comparison showed that the populations NO. 160 and 353 had the highest fruit yield, essential oil content and shoot dry weight, respectively. Five factors were extracted from factor analysis, which accounted for 77.31% total variation of data. Coriander populations were categorized into four groups based on cluster analysis. Based on the proximity matrix, thpopulations NO. 230 and 306 had the maximum genetic distance also, 347 and 36 populations had the minimum genetic distance. Finally, to get more fruit and fresh vegetative yield and early ripening 450, 353, and 230 can be used in breeding programs, respectively.

To evaluate changes in proline, soluble sugars and chlorophyll accumulation, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity under different irrigation regimes at two growth stages on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a factorial experiment was carried out based on complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications in greenhouse condition. Experimental factors were irrigation regimes at four levels of field capacity (I0=100%, I1=80%, I2=60% and I3=40% FC) and growth stages at two levels (GS1=50% emergence to 50% flowering, GS2= 50% flowering to physiological maturity). The results showed that irrigation regimes highly affect proline content, soluble sugars and catalase activity at 1% level. Studied traits were not affected by growth stages. Interaction between irrigation regimes and growth stages was not significant for any studied traits. Mean comparison of treatments showed that maximum content of proline(4.94µmol g 1 - dw) , soluble sugars(55.99 mg g 1 - dw) and catalase activity(12.75µmolH2O2min) were related to 40% FC (I3) irrigation regime. The highest significant correlation observed between total chlorophyll with chlorophyll a (0.86) and catalase activity with soluble sugars (0.81). It was concluded that studied physiological characteristics of potato severely affected by irrigation regimes, and 40% FC treatment had the highest effect on studied traits.

This research was carried out in order to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on physiological and biochemical characteristics of six commercial olive cultivars Mission, Konservolia, Amphisis, Zard, Roughani and Shengeh in field conditions in 2014. The layout was as a factorial experiment in a complete randomized design with three replication and two factors, including olive cultivars and irrigation reginaes. Irrigation treatments were full irrigation, continuous deficit irrigation (irrigation based on 60 percent of full irrigation) and regulated deficit irrigation (irrigation based on 60 percent of full irrigation plus no irrigation during pit hardening and fruit verasion). Some physiological and biochemical traits including relative water content (RWC), ionic leakage, calcium, potassium, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline content, total soluble sugars, phenol and malondialdehyde contents were measured. The results showed that full irrigation treatment increaed RWC, Ca, K, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in olive cultivars. No significant differences were observed in chlorophyll b among different irrigation treatments. Continuous deficit irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation were in the same statistic class in many critical traits including RWC, Ca, K, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, proline content, total soluble sugars, phenol and malondialdehyde contents. According to the ‘Shengeh’ and ‘Konservalia’, were more tolerance to water stress the olive cultivars highest (RWC), K, chlorophyll and the lowest malondialdehyde content, than other studied cultivars.

Postharvest chilling of citrus is a serious problem. Although, chilling injuries decrease marketable or sometimes desolate them, there is not a suitable method for controling this case. Therefore, this experiment was done study the effect of hot water and brassinosteroid on chilling stress allevination of lime fruits, (0 (control), 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) and hot water for this purpose, lime fruits were treated with brassinosteroid (20°C (control), 45 and 55°C) and stored at 8±1, 85-90% relative humidity for 3 weeks. The results showed that hot water treatment at 45°C and 1 mg l-1 brassinosteroid significantly, reduced hydrogen peroxide content and lipid peroxidation. Application of 1 mg l-1 brassinosteroid and 45°C hot water decreased chilling injuries and decay in comparison to control and ameliorated the chilling damages.

Fritillaria imperialis is one of the valuable medicinal and ecotourism species in Zagros region. While germination and establishment of this plant are problematic, seed priming may increase germination capacity of this plant. This research was designed in two separate experiments. First experiment was done to find the effects of osmopriming on dormancy break of seed as factorial in randomized complete block design with 4 replicate. Experimental factors included duration of stratification (4 and 8 weeks), osmotic potential created with PEG (-3, -6, -9 and -12 bar), and duration of priming (12, 24, 36 and 48 hours). The results showed that potential of -12 bar during 12h and 8 weeks stratification affected germination percentage, germination rate, length of seedling and vigor index (Ι and II) significantly but were not effective in reducing the need for stratification. The second experiment was conducted to study effects of osmotic potential and priming duration on improving germination traits after breaking dormancy. According to data analysis, effect of potential and priming duration on all of the mentioned traits were significant and improved.

Salt stress is the second important environmental stress around the world and in Iran. Salicylic acid has been shown to play an important role in stress tolerance of plants. Photosynthetic pigments are responsible for radiation energy absorption and converting to reducing energy and other metabolic processes. In order to investigate the effects of salicylic acid on reducing the detrimental effects of salinity on photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll flurescence of pot marigold,an experiment was conducted in the research greenhouse of SB University of Kerman as a factorial based on RCBD with 5 replication. Results showed that salt stress decreased flower dry matter, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content, maximumflurescence, quantum yield, plant height and root length to 22, 7, 91, 35, 30, 31, 40 and 35 percent compare to the control condition. Salt stress increased minimum flurescence to 46 percent compare to the control condition. Application of salicylic acid reduces the detrimental effects of salt stress in all plant characteristics.

In this research, complete micropropagation protocol of GF677 has been described by indirect organogenesis from embryo culture. In order to break the chilling requirement, mature seeds after disinfection were treated with 250 mg-l of sterile solution of GA3 for different periods of time (0, 12, 24, 48, 96 h). Then, embryo explants separated carefully from the seeds and for callus induction were cultured in factorial experiment on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with different growth regulator treatments. The results showed, only in the presence of 2,4-D and BA, GA3 treatment increased callus induction of explants. Calluses were transferred on medium containing BA (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg-l) with 0.25 mg-l NAA and 0.25 mg-l IBA. The highest percentage rate of regeneration (90%) and the highest shoot number, (16.60) per explant were obtained in the presence of 2.0 mg-l BA. Seeds treatment with GA3 at this stage reduced regeneration of shoots from callus. For rooting of regenerated shoots, the effect of three types of auxin IBA, NAA and IAA in different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg-l) on 1/2MS medium were studied. The highest rooting index was observed in the presence of IBA. Rooted plantlets after transferred to the soil mixture (peat, perlite and sand, 2: 2: 1) acclimatized with 85% success in greenhouse condition.

Ever Green sweet violets (Viola spp.) are perennial herbaceous plants that have medicinal properties and they were planted in Europe since ancient times. They are native to East Asia, the Mediterranean and north-eastern parts of Europe.In this research, studying of the species diversity as well as the genetic among some Iranian Viola species was performed. This research was at 2012–2013 and included: samples from young leaves of plants in the field and laboratory works, involves extracting DNA, PCR and electrophoresis etc that was done in the laboratory of Horticultural Science, Tarbiat Modarres University. A total of 37 genotypes of the two species V.odorata and V. alba were examined. In this study 20 random primers were used for PCR reaction on the template DNAs extracted from leaves, which 18 showed good amplification and polymorphism. Totally, 117 bands ranging from 200 to 1000 bp with 59 polymorphic bands were produced. Cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithm were separated genotypes into 4 distinct groups. Based on The genetic similarity coefficient both species have a high genetic similarity (91.2 percent) and both species have very low genetic distance (9.2 percent).In other words alba genotypes as part of the Caspian Sea to the West Caspian Sea are genetically very closely related odorata species. But genotypes alba species from the central part of the Caspian Sea to the East Caspian Sea, quite apart from odorata species and higher genetic similarity Is seen between species at East to the West coast of the Caspian Sea. Words:

In order to evaluate the effect of priming and seed size on yield, yield components and some storage characteristics of onion genotypes this research was conducted at the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbayjan, Iran in two cropping seasons 2012 and 2013. The factorial was conducted based randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.The experimental treatments included priming (at four levels: hydro priming, osmopriming (in %2 KNO3), priming with falommin substance (in 2%) and control (without priming), seed size (at three levels: small, medium, large) and genotypes (at two levels: Red Azarshahr and Zargan). Following characteristics such as total yield (TY) , mean bulb weight (BW), bulb diameter (BD), bulb length (BL), number of leaves, plant high (PLH) , number of bulb skin and center on the basal plate, number and scale diameter, bulb diameter at the neck and base were studied. Analysis of variance for the measurd traits indicated that all studied characters were significant in 1% level of probability. Seed size × priming interactions effects were significant for TY, BW, PLH and number scale but the significant differences were not observed in the other traits. The results indicated that primed was improved the yield and yield components. In a way mean comparsions of the pre-teratment showed that the highest total yield was obtained from plant that primed with folammin amino acid and the lowest was achieved from control plants (59.37 t ha-1 and 38.41 t ha-1 respectively). Also mean comparison indicated that the higher total yield (58.80 t ha-1) was obtained from large seed size and the lower (37.89 t ha-1) of it was found to small seed size.Therefore, primed with folamin amino acid and large seed are recommended of onion planting for the places with the same environmental conditions of this experiment.