مجله علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1396)

To investigate the effects of auxin and cytokinin on shoot regeneration from leaf segments of HS314 rootstock, in vitro plantlets grown on DKW containing 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 5 mg L-1 GA3, 0.5 mg L-1 IBA, and 200 mg L-1 casein hydrolysate were used. Leaf segments (abaxial side) were cultured on shoot induction media containing different concentrations of TDZ (3, 6, 9, and 12 mg L-1) and IBA (0.0 and 0.1 mg L-1). Results showed that callus induction was achieved in all treatments, and IBA was not necessarily used. Nevertheless, only culture medium AP with 12 mg L-1 TDZ and 0.1 mg L-1 IBA caused shoot regeneration. In the next step, choosing the best culture medium and efficient hormonal levels, also the effect of the red light was investigated. Therefore, two culture media, MS and WPM (containing 0, 1 mg L-1 IBA and 12 mg L-1 TDZ) and two light conditions (red and white) were used. The results showed that shoot regeneration was occurred in both culture media with 1 mg L-1 IBA. The numbers of regenerated plants were affected by interaction of culture medium × light condition and 1 mg L-1 IBA. Finally, MS medium using red light and WPM using white light were considered as the best treatments for shoot regeneration from leaf segment (along with 1 mg L-1 IBA and 12 mg L-1 TDZ) for both of them.

Southern parts of Fars province, with mild autumn and winter, provides suitable conditions for protected cultivation of various crops such as strawberry. Crop production in greenhous has some advantages such as reducing energy consumption, out off-season production and early ripening fruits. To evaluate the yield and quality of 12 strawberry cultivars, an experiment was carried out in two successive years 2015 and 2016 at the Gerash region in Larestan. For this purpose, rooted strawberry daughter plants of cultivars Paros, Queen Elisa, Selva, Gaviota, Camarosa, Aromas, Kurdestan, Fresno, Missionary, Pajaro, Ventana, and Chandler were provided from Kurdistan Province and cultured in the Mid-autumn. The results showed that significant differences observed in number of flowers and inflorescences per plant, flowering and fruiting periods, fruit weight and total yield of cultivars. Among the studied cultivars, Paros produced the highest average fruit weight (23 g) and total yield (230 g per plant) and was the best cultivar. In general, Paros, Queen Elisa, Selva and Gaviota had the longest flowering and fruiting periods. In addition, in both years according to quantitative and qualitative traits, Paros had a good performance.

Different soil properties may affect the soil mineral nutrients availability, nutrients uptake by plant, plant growth and fruit quality. This study was carried out to investigate the nutrients status of soils and leaves of Washington Navel orange trees and their relationships with fruit quality of two orchards with similar nutrition management and different soil properties. Soils, leaves, and fruits of two orchards with similar management were collected and physical and chemical soil properties, soil nutrients availability, leaves nutrient contents and fruit quality were determined. Results indicated that the availability of all mineral nutrients was sufficient and P, Zn and Cu availability in orchard 1 was significantly higher than those of orchard 2; while this result was inverse for K. Orchard 1 had more K and Mn and less Fe. Fruits in orchard 1 had less peel thickness, more flesh ratio, more TSS, less total acidity and more TSS/TA. Positive and significant relationship was obtained between leaves K and P contents and fruit weight, peel thickness, TSS, TA, and TSS/TA.

The red color due to anthocyanin improves the quality attributes of blood orange fruit. Monitoring of physicochemical and physiological changes such as anthocyanin content during blood orange fruit ripening can help to predict the best harvest time with the best quality. In order to investigate the changes of physicochemical and bioactive compounds in blood orange fruit ‘Sanguine’ during fruit ripening, a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at three harvesting times (255, 285 and 315 days after full bloom). The results showed that fruit firmness decreased at the third stage of sampling, which did not have a significant difference with the second stage of sampling (285 days after full bloom). Total anthocyanin content increased during experiment, and then decreased, indicating the onset of anthocyanin degradation in fruit stored on tree so that the total anthocyanin concentration decreased 37% at third stage compared to the second stage. Antioxidant activity, total phenol and ascorbic acid content of fruit increased significantly during three stages of sampling. Overall, by extending the maintenance of fruit on the tree, anthocyanin may degrade and decrease the fruit quality. Therefore, for harvesting blood orange fruit ‘Sanguine’ with the highest quality, it is necessary to consider physicochemical attributes and bioactive compounds especially anthocyanin other than flavor index.

Replacing irrigation water sources with refined sewage water is increasing due to water scarcity challenge for producing horticultural crops. In this research, changes in morphological, biochemical and essential oil components of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) plants irrigated with well water, refined sewage water and combination of well water and refined sewage water with the ratio of 1:1 investigated in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in 2018. The results showed that irrigation had a significant effect on measured parameters. The highest and the lowest total fresh weight, root fresh weigh, shoot and root length and also plant height were obtained in plants irrigated with well water and refined sewage water, respectively. The most fresh and dry weights and biomass of aerial parts were obtained in well water + refined sewage water. The highest stem diameter was obtained in refined sewage water. The most and the least leaf area and essential oil yield (2.84%) were obtained with well water + refined sewage and well water treatments, respectively. The most leaf chlorophyll index (44.75) and total phenol (1.96 mg GAE 100 g-1) were obtained in refined sewage water. Analyses of essential oil components resulted in detection of 47 components. Carvacrol (53.27%) was the dominant components that obtained in refined sewage water treatment. Overall, the use of combination of well water and refined sewage water is recommended for savory production due to improvement in growth characteristics, increasing the amount of essential oil and also reducing water consumption.

In order to evaluate the tolerance of Banabaghi and Badami-Riz-e-Zarand pistachio rootstocks to salinity, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. Each replication consisted of two samples and each sample containing a pot with three seedlings. Treatments were three levels of salinity (0, 70 and 140 mM) of sodium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride with ratio (3:2:1) and three rootstocks (Badami-Riz-e-Zarand, Banabaghi with pistachio growth type and Banabaghi with mutica growth type). The results showed that salt stress decreased the growth characteristics and eco-physiological parameters so that the most leaf dry weight was observed in Banabaghi with pistachio growth type and the lowest was in the Badami-Riz-e-Zarand rootstock. Also, at the highest level of salinity, Banabaghi rootstock with pistachio growth type had the highest relative water content of leaf and the Banabaghi rootstock with mutica growth type had the lowest content. The highest proline content of leaves obtained in the Banabaghi rootstock with pistachio growth type and the lowest content was observed in the Badami-riz Zarand rootstock. Also, the results showed that the lowest shoot Na concentration was observed in Banabaghi with pistachio growth type. Based on the present study, Banabaghi rootstock with pistachio growth type had higher tolerance to salinity stress than Banabaghi with mutica growth type.

Optimal management of environmental factors, on the trellis systems farming, is one of the solutions to increase product quality, especially sunlight. In order to investigate the vegetative and reproductive growth of thorny trailing blackberry in the three trellis types, an experiment performed that including hill (control), I and V systems in a completely randomized design with three replications. Measurements of first year vegetative traits and physical and chemical traits of berries in the second year showed that trellis types had a significant effect on vegetative and reproductive indices of blackberry compared with the control. V trellis system had maximum number of flowers in cluster (3.4), antioxidant capacity (78.7%) and total phenol (564.5 mgg-1) in compare to others and increased 49% yield compared to the control. The amount and intensity of light showed considerable effect on plant growth and the yield affected by light absorbance in leaf area, as well as its uniform distribution in the foliar. Results of this study showed that V trellis system has a positive effect on the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of trailing thorny blackberry via separating the cane from each other and increasing the light penetration into the canopy.