فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 71 (پاییز 1397)

The Islamic banking system consists of the central bank, the banking system, legal entities, regulatory, control, regulating, accounting, auditing and tax systems, and ... as well as the mechanism for determining the price that all of this collection should be evaluated within the framework of the Islamic economic system. Regardless of the Islamic banking system as a whole, changing the part of the system, including the change in legal relations, does not make a fundamental change in the existing structure of the banking system.What constitutes the advantage of this research is the kind of systemic approach into the Islamic banking system that sees it as a subsystem in the structure of Islamic economics. This framework is based on three Qur'anic words and standards: right and justice and consistency. Accordingly, we have come to the principles and strategies of Islamic banking as one of the most important functions of Islamic economics and in relation to it. In order to achieve the essence of the Islamic banking system, it is first of all important to set up an "attitude": an attitude based on methodology on the systemic approach and identification of the formation and legislation elements of the Islamic economics and banking, which is mentioned in this research. In this new architecture, "economic jurisprudence" will have a special role in the Islamic banking system. Accordingly, the stability of money, the relationship between the monetary sector and the real sector, economic equilibrium, pricing and specialized monitoring will be the main issues that will be considered in the banking system based on this view, and Islamic contracts are implemented in this framework.

The manner of benefits distribution of production among the production factors is one of the fundamental questions of the economy, and there are many controversies around it at the level of rival models. In this research, with the assumption of comprehensive rationality, according to which individuals interfere both their own interests and the interests of others in economic decision-making, the objective function of individuals generalized and the fair behaviors of individuals in the field of production are analyzed in the form of a mathematical model. Based on this model, two strategies for achieving a fair share of production among the factors are analyzed: first, the role of the government in determining the level of wage more than the minimum wage, and second, the role of employers' fair employments in allocating a portion of the profits as labor rewards. In the meantime, the second strategy, while improving the perception of justice and fairness, improves the welfare state of the labor force without adversely affecting labor demand and employment, and is consistent with both aspects of justice. The results of the paper confirm the superiority of horizontal and spontaneous justice in relation to grammatical solutions from above. In this framework, it is suggested to use extension tools and economic incentives to increase employers' willingness to engage in profits.

Previllage Deposit (also known as: cooperative deposits, Vamkhvah deposits or rotational deposits) is the new generation of Qur'd al-Hassanah activities in the country that can, along with traditional models and the first generation of Qur'd al-Hassanah, improve access of low and average incomes groups to finance .The main question of this research is that: "What are the operational models of privilege deposits within the framework of religious rules in the area of Qur'd al-Hassanah?" The article uses a descriptive method and content analysis to examine the hypothesis that "the privilege deposit is possible within the framework of the Imamiyah jurisprudence and the usury free banking operational law". The research findings show that using the capacity of sources of jurisprudence, two operational models, the "borrowing model" and "Wakalah-based model", could be used to execute privilege deposits. Both models are approved by the Imamie jurisprudence and can be used in the financial system of the country. However, the patterns are different in two ways: First, the privileges deposits in the borrowing model are not binding on the financial institution, and do not create legal rights for the client. However, in the Wakalah-based model, the privileges given to the financial institution are obligatory and give the right to customers. Secondly, in the borrowing model, the fee should be at least as much as the wage (expenses), but Wakalah-based model, a financial institution can, under the supervision of the supervisory authority (central bank), determine it less or more than the cost.

A large study of the sources of income in the jurisprudential books and their expenditures shows that the holy ruler has followed the general structure. Considering this structure, the discussion provides for issues such as the possibility of "expanding the territory of religious sources of income" and "defining new sources of income" as well as the possibility of formulating a budget in accordance with the highest goals of the Islamic system.The main source of revenue for the Islamic State budget is based on khums, zakat, tribute and anfal, which is a combination of taxes and transfers. The focus of cost-creation is on eliminating discrimination and class distances, creating job opportunities and community security.Now, the question is: Given the sources of income and expenditures in the Shari'a, can there be a model for the Islamic society's financial system. Is it possible for the Islamic ruler to expand the cases in light of the changes in the organization of the government and the increase in its costs?The paper presents an inferential approach to presenting the Islamic State budget plan. The method of compilation of the paper is analytical-inferential. Obviously, according to the dimensions of the subject, the teachings and the method of ijtihadi reasoning are also used.

One of the issues that occurs in teamwork environments is the impact of cohort or team decisions on the decision of other cohorts. Nowadays, this effect becomes a dilemma when one of the members of the group offers less effort against more reward. In this situation, if other members of the group follow this behavior by this decision and they dodge, they will eventually end up or the team's performance will decline. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the correlation of religiosity with team performance and individual decisions using a laboratory environment and performing two-player complete, static and dynamic games; complete and incomplete. The results from 182 samples and 2184 observation showed that the percentage of team participation that both players endeavor to perform in the high religiosity range is more than moderate and low in the range of religiosity. In contrast, the results showed that team production of players with a lower level of religiosity was more than the production of a team of high and moderate level players. The results of religiosity correlation with people's decision also showed that individuals with high religiousness at high rewards did not have a specific impact on their cohort's decision and decided independently. However, in moderate, this independence was observed only in the simultaneous game at both lower and upper reward levels.

This article first analyzes the nature and legitimacy of the online Forex FX market transactions and then models the excessive return on Libor in this market. For this purpose, first, in the context of the Islamic thoughts, and using the concepts of game theory, it describes the bet transaction as a zero sum game, which always has a kind of principle or mechanism for the win and lose, And along with the collateral, the winner's reward or outcome can be certain or indeterminate. It is then claimed that an illusory transaction in this virtual financial market based on an advantage instrument and an automatic trade with the provision of the three top criteria can be regarded as a transaction from the perspective of the Islamic economy. Further, considering the Libor rate (LIBOR) as an indicator for the return on risk-free assets, we first attempt to develop a theoretical model for the likelihood of a surplus return on Libor in the FX Internet financial market at various leverage levels. Finally, based on the data on the exchange of two currency pairs of dollars / euros and dollars / pounds over a chosen period, it is shown that the likelihood of a yield equivalent to the Libor rate on the exchanges of this Internet financial market at high leverage levels despite the adoption of risk The exchanges are negligible. Accordingly, the participation of Iranian users in this market is both non-economic and exposed to the bet doubts.

The escalation of credit risk and the increase in the volume of banking system deferred claims in recent years have created a potential crisis in the usury free banking system of Iran. It is necessary to take the necessary actions before the emergence and actualization of social and economic crises in the country, and to come up with solutions tailored to the Iran situation. In order to accomplish this goal, a series of banking system solutions that are used to address the risk factors affecting credit risk escalation are investigated and then completed with proposed solutions. In the following, the required criteria and desirability of a solution in the banking system are explained and all of these strategies are analyzed using a descriptive analytical method based on the appropriate criteria such as validity, legality and deterrence etc. Finally, the management package proposed in order to use in the banking system of the country, which has been approved by the managers of the banks of the country in the light of the above criteria, has been presented for each of the factors of one or several strategies according to the nature of that factor.

The development of industries and societies have advantages and disadvantages. One of the serious challenges of developed and developing societies is the pollution of the environment by industrial contaminants. In order to reduce environmental pollution, countries and institutions are responsible for protecting the environment have taken various measures, such as the establishment of regional agreements, limiting laws, taxes and penalties. One of the solutions that has been experienced in Western societies, especially the European Union, is the use of a polluting exchange mechanism. These rights are tradable license and are limited in volume, which specifies a specific ceiling for the production of contaminants (CO2 and other pollutants) for each pollutant in the environment. This solution will increase the cost of overproducing contaminants and make profits for more advanced technology units. Also, the market trend of these papers is an indicator for measuring the volume of pollutants and the quality of environmental pollutants. This article is an applied research that uses descriptive-analytic method to clarify the issue and study the jurisprudence of this tool. After the jurisprudential review of this tool, it has been determined that the emission allowances are irrevocable and transferable financial rights, which are recognized by the Islamic State for the purpose of reducing the pollutants by virtue of the rule of “La Darar” and the elimination of more corruption by corrupt by the Islamic state.