فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 43-44 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

The almighty God priories the holy prophet to other prophets and creatures with salient attributes, properties and particular priorities. The prophet's properties have been famous for khasayes al- Nabi. Khasayes al- Nabi is considered as one of the ancient and less surveyed issues of prophet's conduct some of which affected by dishonest and deceitful people due to sensitivity and not recognizing them. Around the necessity of considering this issue, there exists two approaches among Shiite and Sunnite scholars; some believe that these properties belong to the prophet and they will be expired by his farewell and there would be no need to be investigated. And some others believe that the investigation of these properties is essential due to the necessity of perfect recognition of holy prophet and defend of him. In this research, the precedent and later scholar's approach of Shiite and Sunnite and the properties of each of them will be investigated and finally, the necessity of considering the issue of Khasayes al- Nabi will be mentioned.

Taha Hossein, one of the great Muslim scholars of the present century investigated different areas of Islamic thought through scientific method and out-of-religion analysis. He is of salient works in the area of history of Islam. Following the evolutions of the recent two centuries and the collapse of Ottoman emperorship in Arabic countries, it has been made a current emphasizing on Arabic concepts and Arabic race and the followers of this current try to present some reasons for the stability of Umayyad government and the justification of their action. The present research firstly looks for achieving Taha Hossein's approach around bases of legitimacy of a government and secondly, investigating his approach around legitimacy or illegitimacy of Umayyad government emphasizing on Muawiyah himself.

The truth and historical objectivity are considered as two important elements of critical philosophy of history. The possibility of achieving historical truth and the amount of objectivity of its arguments is of various definitions in different philosophical and historical schools depending on intellectual system, theoretical view and their methodological approach and it devotes a special amount of validity and reliability to itself. This amount of validity in the recent periods particularly in the period of Modernism domination confronted with serious challenges. However, the appearance of some new and critical approaches in the period of post modernism provided an appropriate situation for developing new thoughts with religious tendencies. The present research is to clarify the position of truth and historical objectivity in view of Amir al- Mumemin Ali through a primary survey and a review on theoretical approach and insightful bases of Nahj ol- Balaqeh around historical insight and possibility of its achieving. The surveys display that the possibility of historical insight in view of Amir al- Mumenin in the extent of Nahj ol- Balaqeh will be an evident issue and it forms one of the principles of insight and certainty. However, achieving the truth would be possible and historical events are not limited to material and tangible attractions to be comprehended via experimental and sensible tools. In one hand it turns out from the data of Nahj ol- Balaqeh that the objectivity without evaluation would be impossible, but it doesnt mean the interference of mind to alter or parallel the history with the acceptable hypotheses of individuals.

It has been presented different reports on the date of martyrdom of Imam Hassan Mojtaba (PBUH). The dates of 7th and 28th of Safar are more well-known among Shiites. To find out the exact time of Imam Hassan Mojtaba Martyrdom, this research investigates the reports of Shiite and Sunnite sources on the date of Martyrdom of Imam Hassan Mojtaba (PBUH). After that, it criticizes various aspects of 7th Safar report, such as the character of narrator, the rightness of attribution of report to him, the interval of time between the occurrence of event and the narrator and wrongness in copy making and after interpretive investigation of 28th Safar in a similar way, the research priories it to the report of 7th Safar.

The investigation of characteristics of well-known and traditionist Zobairid's household assists the history and jurisprudence researchers to get acquainted with the way of promotion and demotion of this household and their role in the historical and jurisprudential currents. Zobair's family is considered as one of the most famous household in the history of Islam. They initiated their activities endeavoring to become caliph and simultaneously they distributed traditions. Most of their narrations were a try out to manifest this household and showing the role of Zobairids so effective in the history of beginning of Islam. This research is to investigate the household properties of this family, their activities and their relationships with Alawites, Umayyads, and Abbasids.

Geographic works of the third and forth centuries are divided into two geographic schools of Iraqi and Balkhi and each of them has been mentioned special properties by the researchers. The present research mentions the special properties of this school and each of these geographers through investigating the works of Ibn e- Khordazbeh, Yaqubi and Ibn e- Rosteh and the salient representatives of Iraq geographic school. The purpose of this research is to prove this hypothesis that there exists a great amount of similarities among materials and the way of investigation of geographers that they didnt follow a general, definite and predetermined method and each one applied a special method in their works. It seems it's better instead of different schools, to talk about "Islamic Geographic School".

In the end of the first century, Umayyad government changed the Persian language of divans into Arabic but this issue was delayed in Khorasan. At first, the communication between the natives of Khorasan and the inhabitant Arabs of that land was difficult and gradually they got acquainted with the essential expressions of each other's languages. Learning of the language of the opposite group was easier for the second generation. Arabs who were officially responsible and had relationship with people could learn Persian language to some extent and some Abbasid Arab inviters learned Persian to develop the invitation issue among natives of Khorasan. The natives who were appointed for important positions and particularly those who were going to learn Islamic sciences learned Arabic language. About one generation after the entrance of Arabs to Iran, there were found some grammarians of Arabic literature among Iranian natives.

The south of Arabian Peninsula called Yamnet in archaic inscriptions had been of governmental systems from 1200 A. C. This land has been the center of attention of historians due to its historian background in the periods of before and after Islam appearance. However, it has been paid a special attention to this area in Holy Quran. This historical research considers the events after the appearance of Islam in this land and the genesis and evolution of Zayd government in Yemen and its evolutions in the middle of 280-298 / 893- 911. The genesis of this government in Yemen and the activity of zaydi Imams and their Shiites in this section of world of Islam made it be the mere zaydi government that was stable over one thousand years.