فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1390)

The affection of Muslims towards the family of infallibility and purity (P.B.U.H) as the way of achieving the fruit of Islam Prophet's mission would be considered as a vital element in the preservation of Islamic Identity, and the recall of Imam Hossein's disasters has been efficient in providing this fundamental affection and identity. In this article, through the statement of historical evidences, it would be emphasized to this point that the recall of Imam Hossein's disasters in Ashura has been constantly the cause of the coherence of Islamic nation in uprisings, Islamic centers and identity during the history of Islam and not only the Muslims but also non-Muslims have been greatly benefited from it in the formation of their identity and "divine self".

The commencement of the leadership of caliphate, Nasir le- Dine Allah (575 - 622 After Hijrah) is considered as a turning point in the history of the end of Abbasid government; since he gave power after a period of power stagnancy in Abbasid caliphate. What is of great importance in this period of time is the access of Shiites as part of governmental agents to the power in such a way that being present in various principles of government, they could do salient activities until the collapse of Baqdad via Mongolians. Utilizing the view of Michael Stanford, this article has considered the most effective elements such as the weakness of caliphate, the alteration in the view of Abbasid caliphates towards Shiites, struggles of Abbasids and Kharazmshahids, the tendency of people toward shiites, the alteration of the concept of oppressive government for Shiites, the thought of preserving the Shiite community, salience and adroitness of Shiites and improving their capabilities.

The prediction of "the future of history" or "the end of history" has been the center of attention of thinkers from long ago and it has faced them with this fundamental issue that supposing the purposefulness of history, which future is on the way of human being? Of course, this issue attracts the attention of the mass of people, but they overcome their need to some extent through optimism or affected by the prevalent traditions or the religious instructions as well as the prevalent culture, whereas thinkers wont easily communicate with that. This issue has been considered as the major concern during history, particularly when the difficulties of human life continued for a long time. From their viewpoint, the history could not be considered as an endless and aimless issue. Therefore, a number of thinkers decided to provide a comprehensive and meaningful interpretation from life to justify the minor and apparently human-created events in the light of it and to give the herald of human's life. This issue would not be possible except through the realization of a purposeful phenomenon. Consequently, in the last phases, particularly among western researchers, it has been done many debates in this regard. A great number of people who investigate this phenomenon are inspired by religious instructions but some thinkers focus on it from a philosophical view point. They attempt to find out the direction of history through identifying it as a reality and through which they try to open a window to look at the future in order to predict the perspective of human life. This writing is to investigate the view point of three philosophers of history such as Ibn e-Khaldun, Vico and Herder to show the future of history from their view point.Such investigations should be considered as primary studies to the perception of Mahdi's promised community resembling the bright future of humanity.

The image presented by Orientalists related to the life and characteristics of the Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) in the encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition Leaden Publication, is so considerably different from that of him by Muslim historians in many aspects. It would be due to the religious, political and scientific insight of Orientalists as well as their method of studies related to the issues of the history of Islam. It seems that Mohammad's article in this encyclopedia has not been successful due to the lack of appropriate method in the analysis of incidents and the currents in the age of the Prophet. In this writing, it has been investigated the way of historiography of this article such as superficial interpretation from Quran, not utilizing an appropriate research method in the history of Islam, and materialist interpretation around the spiritual facts.

Qom has been considered as the cradle of Shiism and the center of growth of Shiite scholars in Iran from the late first century. In the past, this city was not a coherent one and it included various areas. One of these areas is "barqrud" or "Barqeh" to which the household of Barqih are contributed. Since a number of great Shiite scholars have been originated from this family, this attribution would be of great importance. In one hand, there exists other areas named "Barqeh" in the world some of them are more well-known than Barqeh of Qom; therefore the prior historical-geographical sources have been more attentive towards them. The investigation and proving the truth of the contribution of "Barqid household" to "Barqeh" of Qom and the denial of the other contributions documented to the historical-geographical reasons and evidences would be the goal of this article.

Ash’arids and Hanbalids are both considered as Sunnite groups. Before Saljuqids gained power, Hanbalids were the most powerful and populated religious groups in the social and political arena of Baqdad community. Through Saljuqid's gaining power and the curse of Asharids by the order of Toqrol in 455 (after hijrah), a great number of Asharid scholars such as Joveini and Qoshairi migrated to Iraq and Hijaz, and this very factor affected on the propagation of Asharid religion in Baqdad. In the first phase of Saljuqid government (429-465 after hijrah), there existed a kind of convergent interaction among Asharids, Hanbalids and Motazilah in field of jurisprudent and theological sciences, and defending from caliphate and strengthening its bases were the main concern of Asharid and Hanbalid theoreticians. Meanwhile, Asharid scholars were more motive, and in spite of the existence of ideological and theological commonalities between these two groups, it occurred some disputes in the social arena between them. According to this hypothesis that some ideological and theological issues and disagreements was the major reason of disputes between Asharids and Hanbalids and the political interference of Abbasid caliphates and Saljuqid sultans along with the political disagreements among them was not the cause of these disputes, this article is to investigate and clarify the relationship and convergent and divergent interactions between these two groups in time of the presence of Saljuqids in Baqdad (429-465 after hijrah).

The science of social psychology would be considered as modern sciences, whereas in some works of past scientists and scholars, it could be observed the attention to the significant element of this science and its applications. Historiography is considered as one of the sciences in which the social psychology has been of great application since before. Some historians were paying attention to the main elements of this science and utilizing it in the statement and analysis of the causes of historical incidents. Making benefit from this science could be applicable in the recognition of the spirits of the creators of historical works. This research is to investigate the status of the science of social psychology in Alakhbar Al-Toval written by Abuhanifeh Dinavari (282 A.H.) and via utilizing the main elements of this science, it tries to determine the amount of interference of values in historiography of Dinavari and the root of his view towards some of the historical issues.