فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 50 (تابستان 1391)

Seeking civilization in the scientific system of the west would be of long history and the nature of Islamic civilization could not be exempt from this principle. The main purpose of writing this article is to identify the nature of Islamic civilization on the basis of the variety of approaches. Considering the conceptology of civilization through the nature based, distinction based, cause based approaches as well as conceptual analysis in addition to considering some properties of civilization such as social order, this worldliness, the conformity between its elements, the nature and dynamism of civilization, as well as the study of the origin of civilized studies in the scientific system of the west, it could be extracted at least five approaches related to the nature of Islamic civilization. The approach believing in the unity along with the variety of Islamic civilization, the approach believing in the independency status of Islamic civilization, the approach believing in the Islamic-Iranian and borrowed status of Islamic civilization, the approach believing in the uncivilized and cultural essence of whatever called Islamic civilization; the approach believing in the Arabian essence of Islamic civilization of this article with logical-historical approach along with a method on the basis of historical induction has been investigated in this regard.

There existed numerous historical Heritages in Arabian Peninsula, some of them had to do with the beliefs of Arabs and it was included constructions and symbols such as temples, sacred symbols, idols and signs of idol worshiping, synagogues and cloisters of the religions of Abraham while some others were tied to the civilized representations existed in peninsula like palaces, castles and surroundings. After a short study of geographical, religious and cultural conditions of Saudi Arabia before the advent of Islam, this article divides the historical Heritages of this land to religious and unreligious ones and accordingly, it investigates the way of Prophet’s dealing with each of them.

Zaidism, one of the main Shiite sects, originates from the uprising of Zeid ibn e- Ali. Zaidism had been of particular ideas contributed to Imam and Imamate, and to them; one of the most important qualifications of Imam was the invitation of people to Imamate and uprising through sward. During the history of the presence of Imams, we are encountering with the transactions among Zaidism and Shiite Twelvers. Identifying the mode of the interaction of each Imam including the eighth one with them would lead to the enhancement of historical awareness in this regard as well as familiarity with some problems of Imams. Besides it would be helpful in the way of dealing with the diverse groups in the present communities. Through the interaction of Imam Reza (PBUH) with Zaidism, it could be noticed in some cases that he was forbidding toward uprising whereas in his general behavior, there was some kind of negligence along with conciliation and just his brother Zeid Al-nar was deeply criticized by him in this regard.The reflection on the criticisms of Imam (PBUH) reveals that Zeid’s inappropriate thoughts and behavior has been extremely reproached by That Holiness.

One of the trace of Arabs’ conquests in the central Asia has been the migration of some Arabs of Arabian Peninsula to the newly conquered areas. The idea of enduring residence of Arabs in the East refers to the first era of conquests, however in time of Umayyads; this matter was at the center of more attention. The presence of migrants in the East would lead to the easier protection of the conquered area. Additionally, it could provide the required ground for the increase of the population and war force in favor of the next conquests in the East. The migration of Arabs was apparently due to the military motivation, whereas the economical and political issues were undoubtedly effective in this regard. Through the descriptive-analytical approach as well as library studies, the present research is to investigate the effective elements in the residence of Arab tribes in the central Asia and its diverse consequences (the collapse of Umayyads) until the middle of the second century after hijrah.

Waqf has been etymologically defined as more stop or delay, and in religious term as the retention of original property and the submission of profit. It has traditionally existed in the history of Islam, before Islam and even in the other religions along with numerous functions stated for it. Bequeathment and bequeathed properties has been of considerable function in the history of Islam as well as the prosperity of Islamic civilization particularly the development of Shiite culture and scientific-civilized development of Shiites. Since the forth century and especially along with the advent of Buyids’ government, we are encountering with the prosperity of Shiite bequeathed properties and the support of Buyids from the religious, educational, and welfare center of Shiites. This trend preserved its importance and efficiency until the invasion of Mongol. During the chaotic invasion of Mongol until the establishment of Ilkhanids’ government, bequeathment and bequeathed properties like the other institutions and civilized representations was deeply damaged.The main question of this article has to do with the extent of the function of bequeathment in the development of Shiism in Ilkhanid time and the presented hypothesis would be related to the main role of bequeathment in the historical periods particularly at the age of Ilkhanids. As the entry of discussion, the meaning and concept of bequeathment has been stated and then, it has been investigated the trend of reconstruction of Shiite bequeathed properties by khajeh Nasireddin Toosi and its effect on the renovation and development of Shiite culture and religion and its inclusiveness at the age of Ilkhanids.

Seyyed Ja’far Shahidi, the contemporary historian and Islamicist, is of particular style in the compiling and writing of the historical books. Seeking the truth, abstinence from ethnic and religious prejudice, inspection in the study of historical currents, eloquence, abstinence from exaggeration and overstatement, application of recitation and allegory, utilizing the reliable historical sources with a critical approach towards them, application of referred and interpretive compounds, innovative and expressive compounds as well as utilization of Arabic words and compounds are considered as his lingual styles in the science of history which would be analyzed and described in this article.

From the beginning of the third century, it began the invasions of northern races – Normans- to Europe. These races ruthless and proficient in war plundered a great part of Europe and consequently, it led to the frailty and collapse of the countries like France and England. The Umayyad’s state of Andolos was also affected by these attacks and the Waiking sailors frequently attacked to Spain. The Umayyad tolerated a lot of losses however due to the existence of a powerful and concentrated state; they could promptly remove their defensive weak points. To prevent Normans’ attack, Umayyad of Andlos considered the establishment of a united governmental navy as well as the strengthening of the coasts of streams and the western sea being later considered as the main element in the commercial progress of Andolos Sea. This research is to clarify the relationships of Andolos and Normans as well as the effect of these relations on Umayyad of Andolos.