فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 61 (بهار 1394)

Following the presentation of analysis pertaining to the constant political tryout of that holiness while considering the spiritual status of Imamate being probably along with extraordinary affairs of hunman, this article has criticized the image of gradual evolution of religion in that era. The first part of article devoted to the statement of political activities of Imam Kazem –PBUH- analyzes these activities through the historical analysis, relying on rijali and tradition findings of an aggressive policy as well as a serious trial towards the public revolution and uprising. The second part is concerned with the of Imam Ali’s enterprise towards the statement of spiritual position of Imamate of Shi’ah relying on the sources not accused of exaggeration. The final part illustrates the concord of these two statuses in Shiite view and accordingly, it rejects the gradual evolution or the progression in Imamate from the political leadership towards the spiritual and super human one.

Being informed of the human geography of religious groups could be of help towards detecting the mergence of population, thought potentials as well as the management aptitude of authorities of that religion towards the propagation of its beliefs. Shiism having gradually attracted some followers in Iran since the early Islam reached the considerable areas of Iran in Saljuqid era. Considering the religious prejudice of Saljuqid, this issue is of significance. The main issue of this article is the identification of population centers with Shiite majority or minority in the central Desert domain, north, northeast, as well as the south of Saljuqid territory illustrating the grounds of better appreciation of Shiite individuals and households in these areas.

The present article is to study the written legacy of Fatimid Shiites in Egypt concerning the narrative sciences. Narration is considered as the most important foundation of propagation of religious and biological sciences. Since, relying on it, the divine instructions could be transferred to his servants. Maybe the mystery of attention of all the religions, heavenly sects and religions to the narrative sciences in the propagational and instructional activities is this very point. Fatimids, the followers of Ismaelite, were not exceptional in this regard and they were active in a variety of branches such as: jurisprudence, interpretation, history, poetry, literature and the other narrative sciences. Fatimid’s written achievements are not considerable in this regard and they were not of noticeable novelty concerning the jurisprudential issues and due to the intellectualism and internal approach, they did not leave considerable compilations in relation to the science of recitation and interpretation. Nevertheless, their particular attention to the narrative sciences whether with the purpose of preserving their political existence or the propagation of Ismaelite sect is deserved to be reviewed. The present article reveals that Fatimids could entirely circulate the narrative sciences through the illustration of an appropriate structure along with the hardware and software aids.

Following the conquest of Azerbaijan in the third decade -After Hijrah- a large group of diverse oba, clans, and tribes of Arab went towards this land. This matter is of great role in relation to the circulation of Islam in this area and it can present a perspective on the status of Shiism there. The effect of migration of Arab tribes on the Shiism of Azerbaijan could be investigated within two aspects: first, the settlement of tribes such as Yamani tribes, with the Shiite beliefs prevalent among them, in Azerbaijan and second, the role of Kufa city as one of the main centers of the advent of Shiite beliefs in the conquest of Azerbaijan. Through the descriptive-analytical method as well as library studies, the present research is to investigate the role of migration of Arab tribes particularly Yamani tribes in the first Islamic centuries towards the propagation of Shiism in Azerbaijan in the issues such as the contribution of Yemenis in the conquest of Azerbaijan, the presence of Yamani government agents in this district, the role of Ash’arites in relation to the shiism of Azerbaijan, in addition to Yamani followers of Imams peace be upon them in this place.

Esbat al-Vasiyeh is the book concerning the legatee and executorships of Imams peace be upon them. Najashi, the well known rijali scholar of the beginning of 5th century -After Hijrah- has attributed this work to Ali Ibn al-Hossein Massoudi, the author of Moruj-o al-Zahab. The reason of this attribution could be the statement of propositions with Twelvers tendency among Massoudi’s books. The presentation of this viewpoint by Najashi led to the attribution of Esbat al-Vasiyeh to Massoudi by a number of researchers and traditionists. This article has tried to comparatively study the two books of Moruj-o al-Zahab- there is no doubt in its attribution to Massoudi - and Esbat al-Vasiyeh – its attribution to the author of Moruj-o al-Zahab is in need of reflection- in order to judge concerning this attribution. The differences of two books in the style of writing, the way of compilation, Sheikhs and narrators has led to the rejection of this attribution.

Orientalogy has been considered as a collection of studies and researches by the scholars and institutions in western countries being connected to the diverse eastern issues. Iranology as a branch of Orientalogy could be deemed to be a classified collection of studies and researches by the western scholars towards recognizing the language, literature, history, religious texts, thoughts, culture of Iran land, as well as the Iranian civilized domain. Motivation and objectives of these studies has been the heart of discussions for decades. This research examines the content of English Iranology works in 19th century and the first half of 20th century and the re- manifestation of its relationship with the political, military as well as economic requirements of England in Iran and Asia and raises this question regarding the relationship between the policies of England in Iran and Asia and their Iranology researches. The findings of research reveal that the government of England has taken advantage of Iranology as a colonial method; moreover, the English Iranologists have been attentive towards the development of their individual identity via their researches in Iran. The other properties of English Iranology are considered to be hostility against Islam, archaism, and racism.

The grand historical and geographical state of Iran has led to the development of commerce and the storage of investment during the historical eras of this land. In Qajar era, this strategic advantage of the country has been along with the advancement of universal commerce and could be the provider of double economic and commercial prosperity of Iran. These conditions led to the noticeable flourishing of numerous macro cities of the country such as Yazd. Taking advantage of the historical researches, written sources and objective cultural-historical evidences of Yazd, the present writing has investigated the reasons of economic prosperity of this city in Qajar era in addition to the effect of merchants on its historical context. The findings of this research reveal that the effective causes of economic, commercial development of Yazd in Qajar time are deemed to be the changes resulted from the industrial revolution within the universal commerce, the prosperity of external commerce of Iran, strategic position of Yazd and the settlement of merchant Zoroastrians having a great commercial relationship with India’s Persians. This economic flourishing led to the presence of a lot of merchants in this city who change the Historical Context of Yazd by settling in the diverse urban areas.