فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 68 (زمستان 1395)

Qom, Kufah and Bagdad being considered as the main centers of scientific activities of Shiites since the second until the forth century After Hijrah are of significant position in regard with the Shiism studies. Nevertheless, the Seminary of Ahwaz as one the ancient and significant Shiite schools in Iran is deserved to be mentioned here, since it has been of authorized and well-known representatives in the history of jurisprudence and tradition of Shi’ah in accordance with the historical, tradition and translation sources.
Following a review on the origins of Shiism in Ahwaz, this article is to represent the scientific position of Ahwaz towards preserving and developing the school of Prophet’s family through the investigation of scientific relationship between Qom and Ahwaz.
This relationship has been developed via the movement of some scholars from Ahwaz towards Qom and vice versa, the scientific discussions between the two great households of “Al e- Mahziyar e- Ahwazi” and Qom’s Ash’arites of” as well as the presence of some specific followers of Imams in these two centers.

The social classification in Arabian Peninsula before Islam affected by the tribal system and the ruling traditions was hierarchy like. This classification in the northern and southern areas was of some differences from that of Hejaz area thanks to development of social organization as well as the political and economic development of these areas.
This article tries to study these differences via the descriptive-explanatory approach, and taking advantage of the sources related to the age of ignorance, general histories, local histories, geographical and authorities’ books. On account of this research, the development of tribal and political system of northern and southern areas as well as their economic progress has been effective towards the distribution of the wealth, power and position and it has caused the difference in terms of the social classes of these areas in the upper and intermediate levels, compared with the social classification in Hejaz.

Malik al- Ashtar al- Nakha’ee – 39 After Hijrah- is considered as one of the efficient characters in the events related to the time of Islamic caliphate particularly in the events regarding the time of Amir al- Momenin caliphate, and the historians have stated on his bravery, eloquence and his dignity. Following his tendency towards Islam, he got one of great followers of Imam Ali PBUH and in the events leading to the caliphate of that holiness, he was of efficient role in the battles of that time particularly Siffin, by arousing Kufah people for the battle, setting the army and commanding the battle, assisting his tribe, heavily attacking to the Syria’s army and presenting speech in defending Imam Ali PBUH. Moreover, Ash’as Ibn e- Qaith- 41 After Hijrah- was present in Amir al- Momenin’s army in case of necessity and with a deterrent role.
This research studies the role of these two commanders in the battle of Siffin and it illustrates that their beliefs and their political behavior have been considerably effective in the outcome of Siffin battle.

Abdullah Ibn e- Abbas is of individual virtues according to the historical and narrative sources. His claim on his vision of Gabriel and the specific pray of prophet Mohammad PBUH in favor of him are the causes that set him in the best position in regard with the interpretation of Holy Quran.
The grounds of development of Abbasids’ caliphate and their disagreement with Alawites as well as the analysis of narrations including Ibn e- Abbas’ virtues reveal that Abbasids required the sanctity of their ancestors in order to legitimize their uprising and government.
These issues could provide the ground towards the encircling of Ibn e-Abbas’ virtues being considered as one of the main element of Abbasid caliphate. Hence, the mentioned virtues of him are in need of serious consideration.

Omar Ibn e- Abdul Aziz- 101 after hijrah-gained control of the government while the economic status of community was so chaotic because of the poor performance of his ancestors. Consequently, he decided to finalize the progressing dissatisfaction among the diverse classes via his economic reforms; whereas, these reforms led to failure in practice. Reviewing the economic reforms in time of Omar Ibn e- Abdul Aziz through the historical sociology and the descriptive-analytical approach along with a critical view towards the primary sources of history of Islam as well as the meticulous study of historical evidences, this research investigates the reason of failure in these reforms.
The finding of this research illustrates that Omar Ibn e- Abdul Aziz confronted with the disagreement of Omayyad household as well as the lack of cooperation of the agents and commanders who were trying to keep their mistaken economic benefits. Furthermore, some of the acts of caliph were an impediment towards the achievement of his goals.

The death of sultan Malek Shah e- Saljuqi- 485 After hijrah- led to the chaos in Syria and the numerousness and weakness of the governments of this area. These conditions provided the ground for the development of Crusaders’ kingdom and the advent of the authoritative government of Atabak e- Zangi – founded in 521 After Hijrah- in Syria. Atabakan e- Zangi approximately took part in 117 battles against the governments around them. This research endeavors to explain the military development and political approach of this governmental dynasty by the statistical investigation of these battles as well as the heterogeneity of them in time of Atabakan e- zangi rulers.
Consistent with this statistical study, 51 percent or 60 battles have occurred during the 20- year-old government of Emadeddin e- Zangi being the founder of this dynasty and of these battles 43 battles have been done against Muslims and just 17 ones have been against Crusades and Byzantine.
The kingdom of Atabakan e- Zangi in time of Nooreddin Mahmood was developed from Libya borders towards Anatoly and most of the battles of him and his brothers were against Crusaders and hostility of Atabakan against them is mostly related to this era.
To put the other way, the successors of Emadeddin, who were mostly in favor of preserving their governments, avoided the battle with their eastern neighbors.

Hafsids as the governor of movahedin government, firstly commanded on Tunis, announced its independence by the collapse of movahedin and Abu Zakaria the first, 625-647 after hijrah, took the control of this land by selecting Tunes as the capital of Africa. Meanwhile, the attack of Mongol in the east, the continuation of crusade wars in Egypt and Syria, the gradual collapse of Andalusia subsequent to the battle of Oqab – 609 after hijrah, chaos in the Far west at the beginning of the domination of Marinids, 614-869 after hijrah, had led to the slowness of scientific movement as well as the inactivity of educational centers in the world of Islam.
The establishment of Hafsids government, providing the security of tunes area, the support of emirs of Hafsids and allocation of endowments provided the ground for the movement of scientists from Andalusia and the other areas of the world of Islam to Africa and these issues led to the development of Islamic sciences, the establishment of rich libraries and educational institutes, and the progress of Zeituneh University as well as Shama’eeyeh School.
This writing presents a historical report in this regard and investigates the principles of Hafsids’ instruction by relying on Maliki Religion, the scientific-educational approaches in dominion of Hafsids as well as the typology of scientific – educational centers founded in their governmental terrain.