فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 69 (بهار 1396)

Wilfred Madelung, born in 1930 A.C, is considered as one of the western researcher of Islam with merely a fair approach along with a scientific motive regarding the study on the history of Islam. In his writings pertaining to the history of Imam Hassan’s life, he has investigated the issues like Imam’s marriages and divorces, his making peace as well as the elements of peace contract. Moreover, he has tried to answer the stated skepticism of other western researchers of Islam in relation to that holiness. However, he has stated some issues leading to the source of skepticisms related to Imam PBUH. The issues like the disagreement of that holiness with the objectives of Imam Ali PBUH, his lack of tendency towards taking charge of caliphate and his approving the way of ottoman’s governorship as well. This writing critically investigates these skepticisms and responds them on the basis of the historical and narrative Shiite and Sunnite sources

Shiites were considerably developed both culturally and socially, particularly in Bagdad., Raziuddin Ali Ibn e- Musa Ibn e- Tavoos, 589- 664 After Hijrah, was definitely of a great role in this advancement. Through the descriptive- analytical method, this writing is to investigate the role of him in this regard and to review the Shiites’ status during the seventh century as well as the disposition of Seyed Ibn e- Tavoos. The findings of research demonstrates that Seyed Ibn e- Tavoos has been of significant role in regard with the cultural and social development of Shiites within this era by compiling book on diverse issues, propagating martyrdom as well as stating the virtues of prophet’s household, holding the meetings of debate with the followers of other Islamic sects, propagating Mahdaviat- Mahhdiism and approaching of Imam Mahdi reappearance, cooperating with Mongolian Ilkhanids with respect to the political-religious assumption and finally collecting supplications and propagating the culture of supplication

Traditional historiography was mostly of narrative issues related to the memoirs of selected and distinguished people. If this sort of historiography reported the acts of other classes, as well as the issues such as non- political or non-belief events, it would be yet again in favor of authorities and the expediency of selected people. Modern historiography on the basis of the necessity of criticizing the traditional historiography due to the ignorance of non - political and non - belief aspects of history has endeavored to be of structural approach towards history and has investigated various aspects of history relying on the diverse historiographical approaches. Social historiography as a new major with an analytical view towards history and considering the necessity of elucidated and multidimensional investigation of daily life of people has linked with the more modern histology such as cultural history as well as ethnology and it is to make eternal the social and cultural heritage of humanity. The social history is mostly related to the behaviors, styles of life, motives and wants of ordinary people. This approach with the emphasis on the role of ordinary citizens fades the study if the role of leaders and it paves the ground towards the comprehensive study of history. The present writing reviews the developmental trend of history science position as well as the historiography from the past to the present; moreover, it studies the position and quiddity of social history and the most important causes towards the improvement of this strategy

Anazids -381- 511 after hijrah- were considered as the governor families who took the control of government synchronized with Saljuqids’ gaining power in some areas of the west of Iran during 429-590 after hijrah. Saljuqids’ relationship with them being an obstacle on their developing territiory was some times friendly and sometimes along with military contention, dependent on the political conditions of area and those of Abbasid caliphate. Through the analytical-descriptive approach and reliant on the historical sources, this writing investigates the relationships between these two governments and answers the question regarding the effect of political factors in different phases on the relationship between Anazids and Saljuqids. The findings of research illustrates that Anazids were of dual relationship with this Turk dynasty considering their own and Saljuqids’ power as well as Saljuqids’ rivals. At times, like Mohalhel Ibn e- Muhammad Ibn e- Anaz, they fought with Saljuqids and some times, like So’di Ibn e- Abi Shok, they were at the service of them and were benefited by their favors. The factors like inter- disagreements of Anazids and their cooperation with Saljuqids’ rivals have been effective on their dual relationships

Abbasid caliphate could gain the power thanks to the persistent effort, development of orderly system of Daeeds as well as the expansion of propagation. The power of caliphate, development of a united bureaucracy and ministerial position, division of official responsibilities, cooperation of non - Arabs towards the control of government, as well as organization of the army were the amendments made within the political and social foundation of Abbasid caliphate. However, during Abbasid era, it has changed the balance of power, the authority of caliphate towards the failure and weakness so that the army powers conquered the government. In the present writing, it has been endeavored to investigate the domination of militants over the political and official construction of Abbasid government from the beginning of Turks’ domination -218 after hijrah- till the advent of Buyids, 223-448 after hijrah, along with its consequences through the analytical –descriptive method and reliance on the historical data based on the sociological method of Max Weber. According to the findings of research, Abbasids caused the entrance of monarchism such as autocracy, monopolization, development of bureaucracy, taking advantage of militants in favor of caliphate system, subsequent the confirmation of political authority of government, the entrance of Turkish armies and strength of militants. Monarchism provided the grounds for Abbasid caliphate, the most important of which are changes in the political system, decline of caliph power, gradual dismissal of ministerial families, and the development of independent and half independent governments as well

Of the consequences of Islam religion and the revelation of the Holy Quran in Arabic language, is the independence of this language from the restriction of ignorant Arab and it’s altering into the first and formal language in the world of Islam with a variety of political, scientific, cultural, social and economical domains. It is evident that the Arabic language due to its merely application in speech in a rather limited geographic location within the ignorance era could not be of this grand position in the world of Islam. Accordingly, throughout the confirmation of Islam religion, the initiate of grand conquests, as well as the development of caliphate and bureaucracy, the Muslims had to take advantage of the language, literature and culture of other nations in favor of enriching Arabic language and literature and due to various historical reasons and distinctive properties, Arabic language could achieve the first position and considerably affect on the holy language of Muslims. This article has endeavored to historically study the background and applicability of Iranian effects on Arabic language and some of its consequences during the first Islamic centuries

Since the commencement of the first century, after hijrah, it was developed the political-military relationship between satraps of Andalusia and Spanish governments. Meanwhile, Banu Hud government made an intimate relationship with Christian governments due to the proximity of their territory with that of Christians in Spain as well as the occurrence of battles among families so that this relationship led to a more military cooperation of Banu Hud with Castile. Consequently, the distinguished military commander of Castile, Rodrigo Diaz better known as El Cid Campeador, moved towards the Banu Hud’s court and could take a role in the military and political organization of Banu Hud by warfare and frequent achievements. Relying on the historical sources and new researches, the present article reviews the military and political life of Rodrigo Diaz in Sancho and Castile government as well as the way of his dominance in the era of Banu Hud, moreover it concludes that in spite of unsparing supports of Banu Hud governors, he violated his contract and obeyed Alfonso, the authoritative ruler of Castile, and pursued the development of an independent government in the east of Andalusia subsequent to taking the highest governmental positions