فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 74 (تابستان 1397)

Flag as one of the main symbols of tribes, nations, armies has been of considerable significance during the history. Prophet’s army like the Arab tribes before Islam was of flags. The flag as the main sign of army was of more importance compared with the flag indicative of the minor groups and nationalities. In this article, it has been investigated the role of Amir al- Momenin (PBUH) as flag holder and the amount of his presence in the battles of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH). Moreover, a collection of narrative and historical documents has been critically analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that Amir al- Momenin (PBUH) has been flag holder in the eleven out of twenty nine battles and about the nine important battles which led to the war; he was in this charge during six ones.

The recommendation towards the Islamic unity goes back to the instructions of Holy Quran and the traditions of infallible Imams and it is the issue whose historical investigation in various eras is of great significance. This writing is an endeavor to show the social strategies of Imam Sadeq (PBUH) towards the Islamic convergence considering the social condition of that time through the historical method and taking advantage of historical and narrative sources related to Imam Sadeq’s actions and his especial endeavor towards the development of unity in the community. The historical conditions indicate that realizing the unity of Muslims, strengthening the social unities as well as the religious justice was considered as the most important social strategies of that holiness and in order to fulfill them, he relied on the strategies like the attending in the religious rites, developing favorably social and emotional unities among Muslims, conciliating with the opponents , respecting the beliefs of followers of religion, not imposing beliefs, avoiding from any prejudice or considering the others as nonbeliever.

The investigation of historical changes through the modern civilization indexes can be helpful towards judgment in relation to the absence or presence, and in recent cases, the assessment of the amount and level of civilization progress in the different phases of history. This writing has analytically studied the properties and changes of Hillah city in time of Mongolians relying on these issues. The most important civilization indexes in the new studies include the broadness of knowledge, control of severity, prosperity, the position of women and lower classes as well as literature.
The collection of evidences indicates that Hillah city was of civilization advancement in this critical era. This research has been done through the civilization approach, mixed historical and civilization method as well as the historical sources such as the local histories of Helle, lists of manuscripts, general histories, translations, encyclopedias and some new researches

During the governing of Bayezid the second (886-918), the tradition of a comprehensive historiography of dynasty was founded in the territory of Othman dynasty. Hakim al- Din Edris ibn e- Hessam ibn e- Ali Badlisi Hanafi (926 after hijrah) developed one of these works by writing Hasht Behesht with this style. He tried to manifest the majesty of this dynasty by the record of life history of Othman sultans from the beginning to Mohammad Fateh era. Now, the question is raised related to the kinds of historical presumption paradigms which affected Badlisi to write the history of Othman dynasty and the how of his narrating and analyzing the first wars of this dynasty with Muslim emirates in Anatoly during the consistency of Othman government and the most important of all, the failure of his subservients from Timor. This research answers this questions by putting emphasis on the forth volume of the book by appreciating the method and viewpoint dominant on Badlisi’s historiography and his historical presumption paradigms. The findings of research indicate that Hasht Behesht has developed a comprehensive history of Othman dynasty with the purpose of displaying the majesty of Othman government being affected by the texts of historiography in the era of Genghis and Timor. The viewpoint of Badlisi in this book has been influenced by his religious schemes along with religiously legitimating based on the fighting tradition of Othman sultans against their enemies particularly Anatoly and Timor emirates. In this regard, he has fore grounded the inevitable element of divine destiny as the main reason of Timor’s victory by back grounding the shame of failure from the face of his subservients

The History of the ideas are considered as the new branches of historiography investigating the historical events by relying on thoughts and instructions. In this writing, the history of development of Islamic instruction related to the falsification of Bible including (old and new testament) has been investigated resembling a presumption. The sources of this research are mostly Christians and some times Islamic-Christian belonging to the first three Islamic centuries in which the various criticisms of Muslims towards Christians has been raised and answered. On the basis of some documents, the criterion presumption among Muslims has been the presumption of authenticity of Bible until the era of Haroon al- Rashid and based on the other sources, the earliest time that Muslims paid attention to the falsification of Bible goes back to the beginning of Abbasid era and the presumption of falsification has been stated in a very elementary and vague way in time of Mahdi Abbasi. It is only after the time of Ma’moon caliphate when the advent of this idea can be clearly observed

In the first era of Abbasid caliphate (132-232 after hijrah), considering the policy of taking advantage of Iranians in governing affairs, the ground for the presence of people and Iranian households in caliphate system was provided. The favorable action and efficiency of Iranians in the official positions led to giving the ministry position to some of them. One of the Iranian ministers in this era is Abu Ayyub Muriani (154 After Hijrah) who was present about 17 years in Mansoor’s court and active in relation to the policy making and the other caliphate affairs. This article is to investigate the role of Abu Ayyub Muriani as well as his strategy as an Iranian bureaucrat in Abbasid caliphate system via the descriptive-analytical method and utilizing the library sources. The findings of the study indicate the distinction of Muriani in the position of ministry compared with the other Iranian ministers such as Abu Salama Kallal and Khaled e- Barmaki
Muriani presented the services like giving advice to caliphate in time of his ministry; moreover, he was seeking for his personal benefits by conspiring against the other contemporary authorities and finally, he left a kind of exclusive domination and authority in his actions

The collapse of Safavid and great Indian Mongolian governments was due to some complex elements and it cannot be dependent on one or some special reasons. However, it seems that the element of economy is of determining role in this regard. This writing has investigated the economic reasons of this failure and it has endeavored to achieve the similar and dissimilar cases. The most important and related economic reasons in the collapse of the two governments can be stated in the issues such as the increase of excessive taxes, the collapse of internal commerce, no consideration of the people’ living condition and dissatisfaction of farmers and villagers, extravagant expenses, and finally, the decrease of coin value and the increase of goods’ price especially public provisions. It is worth noting that the substituted tradition in India as well as the change of lands into special ones in Iran is regarded as the special elements of collapse of the two governments.

Along with the advent of Safavid and official status of Shiite Twelvers in Iran, Nizari Ismaelites faced with some problems and limitations. Mohammad Shahi Nizaris decided upon the transferring their activities and even center of their Imamate to India after feeling disappointed related to preserving their position in Iran, while Qasem Shahi Nizaris continued their existence by taking concealment strategy through the facade of Sufism and succeeded to redevelop and systematize their organization until the end of Safavid era and even transferred it to the next era. The main issue of the present research is the study of political, cultural, social, and religious conditions of Mohammad Shahi and Qasem Shahi Nizari Ismaelites of Iran in time of Safavid via the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical documents