فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 55، تابستان 1397)

The study of different fields of social demands formation and its effective factors is a serious and undeniable need to identify women's social demands. At the same time, identifying women's social demands is a major step in policies and plans in the area of women and the family.
In this paper, the relationship between the variables of difference, inequality and oppression with women's social demands investigated in a sample of 400 women from 25 to 55 years of age living in Tehran. Is.
The research carried out through a multi-stage cluster sampling and using the questionnaire, measures the inequality, difference and oppression as independent variables and social demands of women as dependent variable. Findings of the research confirm the research hypotheses and show that inequality, difference and oppression have a significant effect on women’s social demands. By increasing the variables of inequality, difference and oppression, the social demands of women increase significantly. Based on the findings, at the end of the proposals to reduce the areas of inequality, discrimination and oppression for women.

The present study attempts to qualitative analysis of rural and urban women empowerment studies. Accordingly, in the first step, all scientific and research articles were extracted from the scientific information database of ACECR (SID) and the Noor specialized magazines website (Noormags). The search was conducted during the period 1996-2016 with the keyword empowerment which led to the identification of 60 papers. Subsequently, forty-two articles that including the words "rural women" or "urban women" in the title, abstract, or keywords were selected for extraction of data and further study. According to the findings of the present study, studies in this area have two general orientations, some of them seeking theoretical analysis and providing interventional models for the empowerment of the target groups. Others have looked at the empowerment process of women empirically, taking into account different samples of rural and urban women. Overall, factors such as education, employment, social skills, self- confidence, self- worth and public education have been factors influencing the empowerment of rural and urban women.

Therefore, this study, by understanding the subject through Interpretative-Structural Analysis (ISM), seeks to design a model based on categorizing and distinguishing factors affecting the creation of a glass ceiling of female employees employed by the National Iranian Oil Distribution Company. This research was conducted in a one-year period between December 2016 and January 2017. The combined methodology is a qualitative research based on identifying the factors influencing the creation of a glass ceiling by examining theoretical and theoretical foundations and conducting Delphi analysis with the participation of 20 specialist members as panel members, and in the quantitative part through the formation of a matrix Structural self-advancement follows structural and interpretive modeling, in which 30 human resource specialists (both inside and outside the company) participated. The results of the research show that the most basic factor of women's glass ceiling for the National Iranian Oil Distribution Company is based on the designed model, the lack of supportive laws, which is related to the main component of the external causes and the sub-component of the political causes And rules were in the Delphi results. Also, at the highest level and in fact the least effective factor in creating a glass ceiling, the lack of suitable barrier for women's work is one of the structural causes of the core component of the organization.

This paper studies the gender and education differences in unemployment risk from over the business cycle. We investigate whether business cycles can imply sizable effects on unemployment risk among men and women with different educational level. For this purpose, the seasonal data of Iranian economy during 2005 - 2014 period were used. First, the cyclical part of GDP was extracted by using Hodrick Prescott filter and then model was estimated by OLS method. The literature identifies two different mechanisms for this trend: structural or cyclical crowding out .The results show that, the unemployment risk of primary- educated labor force compared with the illiterate reveals a countercyclical behavior, i.e. increases in recession and decreases in boom. The unemployment risk of secondary- educated women labor force as compared with the primary- educated, is countercyclical, while the latter, for the men is pro cyclical. This result can be explained by cyclical crowding out theory .The unemployment risk of higher - educated labor force for both men and women as compared with the secondary- educated, is pro-cyclical. , i.e. decreases in recession and increases in boom. The pattern in recession can be explained by the cyclical crowding out theory, While in boom is consistent with. Structural crowding out .The results indicate that the unemployment risk in business cycles for all educational groups reveal gender bias. This can be explained by gender and occupational segregation of labor market.

Considering the increasing presence of women in the job market on the one hand and the possibility of conflicting their role in two areas of quality of family and working life, the study examines the nature, extent and form of this conflict and the quality of its impact on the quality of life in two areas of family and work. The research method was survey among 1451 employed urban women (married with at least one child) in government (1066 persons) and private (385 persons) sectors in 9 provinces of the country and with a combination of cluster, stratified and available sampling methods. The results showed that employed women have a small conflict and the role balance is high in all 6 forms of role conflict and also in the total scale of role conflict. In addition, on the one hand the role conflict of women has negative relation with both areas of quality of family and working life, and on the other hand, the effect of this conflict with the quality of working life is more than the quality of family life. In other words, the role conflict of women affects the quality of their working life rather than the quality of family life. The results implies that the role conflict and intervention of women affects most of their work in a way that disturbs their life, and the main reasons for this conflict are the traditional pattern of gender division of labour and family policy immaturity in country.

The purpose of this study was to compare social competence, hardiness and coping styles in addicted and non-addicted wives. The research design was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of this study included all women with addicted and non-addicted wife in Arak city in 2017. 157 subjects (77 addicted and 80 non-addicted women) were selected by available sampling method. The instruments for collecting data included Social Borgestert's (1988), Stress Coping Style (CISS) (1990) and Hardcore Kobasa (HS) (1979). Data were analyzed by SPSS software and multivariate analysis of variance analysis. According to the findings, there is a significant difference between the two groups based on social adequacy and its subscales. Except for the control subscale, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of hardiness. Additionally, addicted wife women showed more avoidance coping and less problem-oriented coping than unmarried women, but the difference between the two groups was not significant in the emotional-focused coping. The findings of the present study can provide an opportunity for experts to accurately understand the factors affecting the mental health of women with addicted spouses. Therefore, by designing psychological interventions based on these variables, it is possible to improve the mental health of women with addicted spouse's wife.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the reasons for continuation common life with the strategies for maintaining marital relationship. It was a descriptive study of correlational type. The population was all 17 to 55 years old couples in Semnan and Esfahan city that have lived together 1 to 35 years and have continue to common life in 1395 year. A sample included 175 individual (100 women and 75 men) who were selected with available sampling method. The data were collected from the reasons for continuation common life scale and the marital relationship maintaining strategies questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation test and independent t-test. The results of the study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the rewarding factors and the number of rewarding factors with the type of marital relationship maintaining strategies. On the other side, there is a significant and negative relationship between the restricted factors and the number of restricted factors with the type of marital relationship maintaining strategies. Also, there was no obvious difference in the restricted and rewarding reasons for continuation common life between the two genders. In general, the result of the study showed that the rewarding factors play a very important role in the strategies that individuals use to maintain their common life. Also, the result of this study can be used to increase and improve the quality, satisfaction, and stability of the couple’s common life.