نشریه علوم محیطی
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 8، تابستان 1384)

With regard to irregular development of cities, improper consumption patterns and increasing production of waste and also deficiencies in waste management systems, now a days the most logical and the least costly method for disposing of municipal wastes is sanitary landfill. Moreover engineering and environmental principles and criteria on waste disposal are not implemented and landfills are often nonhygienic. Therefore, occurrence of environmental hazardous is expected. In this research, landfill sites have been visited in all cities of Tehran province and some characteristics such as annual waste production, ground water level, area, slope, soil type, vegetative cover and other factors have been surveyed. Indeed the problems of landfill sites have been identified and compared to each other. According to researched these subjects, Oleckno Method has been used for evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills of the Tehran Province. The evaluation of landfills by this method shows that most of the cities status were desirable, some others were relatively acceptable, and the rest were unacceptable.

In this research, an extreme halophilic bacterium was isolated from Namakdan Lake (with around 28% salt) on Qeshm Island, Iran. Its characterisation revealed that this bacterium belongs to the Archea family and is an extreme halophil which can utilise crude oil as its sole source of carbon and energy by producing biosurfactants. Pars Q2 also grew on molasses as the sole source of carbon and energy, but did not then produce biosurfactants for emulsifying crude oil. The growth and production of biosurfactants was very noticeable when glycerin was used as the sole source of carbon and energy. The effect of salt concentration on the growth of Pars Q2 and the biodegradation of crude oil was also examined. The results showed that the best biodegradation occurred within the range of 15% to 21% NaCl.

Recently, as the result of changes in land use and the destruction of forests, landslides have occurred and have created a great deal of damage in this area. In this research project, the level of increase in soil safety provided by the roots of forest trees such as the Ironwood was studied in the Rahimabad of Rudsar area of Gilan Province using Bishop's method. The lowest crown cover of this tree is 40% at a 20 degree angle of intral friction with the soil and sloping at an angle of 20 degrees.

The moving bed biological reactor (MBBR) has recently been used in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. The process used in this project involves a kind of Bio-Filter with light packing. In this paper, the usage of a particular kind of mineral packing called ‘Leca’ (Light Expanded Clay Aggregate) as a biological support in the treatment of wastewater is examined. By changing the inlet flow and applying a different HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) in different wastewater COD, the system is placed under examination. Diagrams are made by regularly evaluating COD on the outlet wastewater. The artificial wastewater, with sugar beet factory wastewater, was made in the COD Concentration Range of 800 to 3200 mg/lit and with three different retention times of 12,16 and 24 hours and injected into reactor. The mean value of COD removal is in the range of 66.6% to 79.2% according to the diagrams presented in the article. Also the BOD removal is established in inlet wastewater with a COD Concentration of 3200 mg/lit in all three retention times (24, 16 and 12) as 71%, 61% and 60.2%. In order to calculate the biomass in the system, at a HRT of 12 hours, a substrate with COD concentration of 2000 mg/lit was made and the sample was collected after 36 hours. Hence, the partnership between attached growth and submerged growth are approximately 78.23 % and 21.7% for evaluating the application of supports.

Population growth and increasing urbanization lead to demand for extending the road system by building new roads. High and heavy traffic levels in the East of Tehran place high pressure on the city’s transportation network. This network and the old Tehran-Rudehend road cannot meet this level of demand and resolve this problem. To do this, it would be necessary to construct a new road from Tehran to Pardis in the East of Tehran On the other hand, the route of this new road passes the protected area of Jajrood and next to the Khojir National Park. These areas include strategic values as well as being of national significance, chosen for their importance in supporting the animal and plant life and also for preventing their gradual depletion. Therefore, construction of the new road next to or inside these regions would have potentially serious impacts. In this study, in order to measure and count the intensity and importance of the effects of a new Tehran-Pardis road on the animals of the Khojir National Park, action was taken to select such parameters as sound and air pollution at 10 stations. Also, the Simple Matrix and Pastakia methods were used for anticipating the impacts and evaluating them. The results of the research show that constructing this new road would have fewer negative consequences and more positive effects compared with widening the present road. In order to minimise the negative consequences of the plan under consideration, some managerial strategies have been recommended.

A clean, safe and healthy environment concerns everyone. The fisherman has an interest in clean water and unpolluted seas and oceans; the farmer in unpoisoned soil; the consumer in safe products that will not damage his or her health; industry in the continuation of its production processes. In short, clean air, clean water, clean soil and the careful management of natural resources concerns everyone, everywhere in the world. Primary Environmental Care is effective approach to conservation of the environment. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to introduce environmental extension and education.

Soil and water petroleum pollution threatens living organisms in the environment. This pollution can be removed by an economically cheap and environmentally safe method using bacteria. In this study, a halo tolerant bacterium was isolated from a spring near Dezful in Khuzestan which could effectively degrade petroleum. During growth in a mineral-base medium containing 1 gram per liter of crude oil as the sole carbon source, this strain produced biosurfactants that emulsified oil in the aquatic phase of the medium. The effects of different pH and salinity conditions on petroleum biodegradation were also studied and the minimum amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus sources needed for the optimal degradation of 1-gram crude oil was determined. For obtaining growth curves of bacterium in a mineral-base medium and evaluating oil consumption, both the spectrophotometry (650 nm) method and the Lowry method of total protein determination were performed daily. Results showed that the optimal conditions for petroleum biodegradation were pH 8.5 and a salinity of 0-5 % NaCl. Also, the minimum N and P sources needed for degrading 1 gram crude oil were equal to 292 mg NH4Cl and 36 mg Na2HPO4, respectively.

In the beginning of the twenty first century, the increase demand for water has created an anxious reduction in the per capita renewable-water resources with due attention to the limitations of the resources in different regions of the world. The situation of this vital material in arid and semi-arid regions of the earth is much more sensitive.At present, in a number of the countries which are located in these regions, the demand for water has surpassed beyond the extractable water resources facilities. In the coming years, the continuous demands will intensify the respective limitations. Thus, paying a serious attention to the bases of the water resources management for a planning and managing system will be an inevitable task. Considering the experiences of different religions and nations, this paper is an attempt to study the situation of water and legislation, so that it will be possible to do an appropriate economic evaluation and make regulations by comprehensive information dissemination and to prevent any possible damages.