مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 23 (تابستان 1390)

Transition from the existing procedures for investigating spatial concentration of urban facilities in the form of formal limitations of municipality (districts and regions) as a unit of study and using the available and current quantitative techniques such as taxonomy, Morris index, entropy coefficient and correlation coefficient for analyzing spatial justice and presenting a new method for analyzing spatial distribution of urban facilities and its integrated access are of the main objectives of this research. In order to achieve this goal, while introducing and evaluating the efficiency of spatial autocorrelation modle, Moran’s index and G general statistics, by the help of Geographical Information System (Arc GIS) and Geo Data software, which enables the integrated analysis of spatial distribution of urban facilities, the analysis of spatial distribution and access to 12 types of urban public facilities which are scattered over 820 urban points over 12 regions and 51 districts of Mashad Municipality has been performed and the extent of integrated access to urban facilities have been analyzed by the above said models. The results obtained from this research indicates that based on Moran’s Index, I= 0.35, the spatial distribution and concentration pattern of urban facilities in Mashhad city is of cluster type of spots with low concentration (cold spot) and indicates the fact that areas with low access are concentrated adjacent to each other. Also the value of G general statistics is equal to zero and for Z, is equal to 76.74. The value of two variables Moran’s coefficient is equal to 0.08, which considering the regression line slope between the population density and the number of public facilities in Mashhad area, indicates a positive relationship and represents this fact that the areas with high value of facilities and more population are in conformity with each other. Although the value of Moran’s index is negligible but relatively confirms this fact.

Iran with a vast extent (15 0 degrees of geographical latitude) and having long coastal areas in the north and south part, and various climatic conditions has a great relative advantages, which is required to be programmed in order to be used for leisure time in general and tourism in particular. In this research, the south shores of Iran have been reviewed by traditional methods (Tarjoong and Olgi) and modern methods (thermal equilibrium index, heat, humidity, sultry degree, human fatigue level, degree of hardness and thermal equilibrium model) in seven 7 meteorological stations of Chabahar, Jask, Bandar Abbas, Kish, Bushehr, Mahshahr and Abadan. The obtained results indicate that the southern coasts have the greatest level of climatic comfort in January and February, which consequently performing some activities including comprehensive studies, optimized planning of annual holidays, and creation of winter holiday deems necessary. Also with respect to climatic diversity and difference (winter tourism in the south and summer tourism in the north) it is possible to enjoy the capacities of the south and north coasts of country in the deprived areas of the south, so that it can lead to the development of these areas.

In the present century, the government has the greatest effect on physical development of the cities which occurred through transferring free or affordable lands for construction of residential buildings, grant facilities through banking systems and preparation of urban development plans with the consequences including lands annexation and land use change.This research aimed to understand the direct government intervention in lands and housing section and ultimately physical development of a great city like Kermanshah. In this respect, this question arises that how this intervention took place? What was its impact on the physical development of the city? The research method of this paper is analytical- descriptive method and by analysis of the existing information and statistics in this field as well as aerial photos and maps of Kermanshah city, has come to the conclusion that the government policies particularly in the form of urban land was the greatest factor in physical development of Kermanshah city, Also the maps of urban development stages together with ownership of public lands and transferring indicates that this event caused the horizontal spread of the city and low land use intensity.

In this research, in order to analyze the types of Zabol weather, 7 variables from 21 March 1979 up to 20 March 2003 were reviewed in Zablol Synoptic station. Performance of cluster analysis on standardized data arrays (stnd 9088:18) and integration of days based on Vared method showed that Zabol has 6 types of weather including: 1- Moderate type, 2-rainy type, 3- very high and dry type, 4- hot, dry and windy type, 5- cold and windy type and 6- windy type.Based on the findings of this research, cold and windy weather type and windy type are most frequent and sustainable types; rainy type has the lowest frequency and very hot and dry types are the most unsustainable weather in Zabol. In continue, for each type of weather, one day was selected as the representative day. The monthly and annual frequency of each type was calculated and it was recognized that the annual frequency of the types during the 3 years has changed. At the end, the relation of these types with circular pattern were studied and revealed that the occurance of each type is under the affection of certain circular patterns. Synoptic analysis of the relation between Zabol weather with circular patterns of elevation 500 Hecto Pascal revealed that windy type (type 6) as the warmest type, is under the affection of circular pattern of 14,15 and 17 and cold and windy types (type 5) and rainy (type 2) are mainly under the effect of circular pattern 1, 2 and 16.

At present, most of cities, due to physical constraints of urban development are involved in physical development. Accordingly, Babolsar city for locating in the north part of Iran can not be developed greatly due to physical constraints including the sea, river, existing fertilized lands and gardens. The aim of this research is to achieve effective variables in physical development of the cities and obtaining a pattern which locates future development of Babolsar city with the least damages to natural environment. Therefore, with respect to the aim of this research, the methods of status quo analysis and data modeling have been used. For this purpose, firstly for establishment of GIS data base, the spatial information of the area under study were numbered and stored from relevant maps, the descriptive information were entered in to the system and connected to spatial information to enable the analysis of information, then by overlapping different maps in GIS environment, two optimized areas for physical development of Babolsar were recognized. Since Babolsar city is enclosed in agricultural lands therefore, for development purpose is faced with two alternatives: firstly, development within the city which is possible through allocating higher land use intensity and secondly, development toward outside of the city. The most appropriate place for future development of the city would be at first the south east part and the second priority would be south west part of Babolsar city.

In Iran, due to high rate of economic growth and development activities, the annual demand for energy including electricity has increased; therefore construction of new power plants has changed to an inevitable necessity. The aim of this research is to study the suitability of the area to locale thermal power plant based on environmental criteria by the assistance of multi criteria evaluation. Firstly, through the review of internal resources and experiences of other countries, the effective environmental criteria in power plant locating were identified. With respect to the specifications and conditions of the under study area and also access to the required information, for this purpose 17 environmental criteria were selected. In addition to preparation of the relevant maps of each criterion in GIS, the environmental constraint map of the area was prepared. Logic fuzzy was used for standardization of criteria maps. With respect to this fact that each of criteria has a different role in locating process, paired comparative method of AHP was used for criteria weighting.Integrating informative layers was performed by the help of WLC (weighted linear combination) and finally the desirable maps of appropriate zones for power plant construction were obtained. The findings obtained from this research indicates that regarding environmental limiting factors about 81 percent of the town ship area is not suitable for establishment of power plant and only about 7500 Hectares of the study area (% 0.79 of the town ship) has an initial suitability value of more than 150 for power plant construction. Consequently, 12 appropriate zones (with average suitability of 149 up to 193) were identified and ranked for power plant establishment in Chabahar.

Performance of political division plans in the country and accomplishment of local and regional development and growth programs (urban planning) has caused structural changes particularly in the cities.The plan of deviding Khorasan province in to three provinces of Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and south Khorasan, has led to changes in urban and regional spaces which its reflection can be found in the increase of land and housing prices in the cities particularly in the province or district centers. This paper, by the use of field- analytical method and surplus value formula has recognized the price changes of land and housing in Bojnoord as the province centre of Northern Khorasan, resulting from promotion from urban centrality to regional centrality and structural changes rising from government’s political approach. Also, in this field research, for determining the price of land and housing in certain previous years (2000) and after division of Khorasan (2007), the data were collected randomly from real estates of Bojnoord city with regard to the context, physics, suburbia, migrants, … in the considered seventh districts.The research results which have been presented by tables, graphs and maps by using GIS show that the change of ground and land in urban areas of Bojnoord is salient. In a comparative review, prior and after becoming province, there has been an increase of about 61 times in the land price and 5 times in the housing prices, furthermore, this trend has caused the structural changes of vertical growth of the city and change of growth pattern.

Today, the increasing use of car and lack of parking places in heavy traffic parts of the city has become a serious and acute problem. This issue, in the local parts and neighboring units has made drastic problems in the local traffic for low wide of the passages and park of vehicles along the streets and disrupts the local discipline which reveals the necessity for optimum locating the local parking more than before. The current research intends to represent the idea of locating local parkings for the first time and indicates its creation indices according to precise criteria and away from heavy traffic issues and with respect to the science of urban planning. Therefore, if the parkings being established in appropriate locations, they will have sufficient efficiency. In this research, 11 different parameters including population, land use intensity, walking distance up to parking lots, access based on passages’ width, parking provision, parking demand, land price, usages adaptability, parking capacity, filling questionares in districts No. 3&4 of Tabriz municipality have been studied for locating local parkings. The findings show that geographic information system (GIS) has the capability for integrating a great number of parameters simultaneously and through implementing AHP paired weighting method in Idrisi software has presented an appropriate pattern for optimum locating of local parking lots, and finally two scenarios have been presented for locating local parkings. The results of this study show that in the first scenario, with the assumption of applying ideal conditions in the under study area, it is possible to suggest the establishment of 23 local parking, but when all the required conditions in terms of planning and investment legislation for the establishment of local parking do not execute by the municipality, 13 parking are suggested to be established in the second scenario.

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease which transfers to human through female sand fly bite. Its two main types are cutanenous leishmana and visceral. Spread and incidence of this decease is affected by economical, social, cultural and especially environmental and ecological conditions. In the current research, the bio-clima conditions, the spread and incidence time of this decease have been studied and analyzed at Yazd- Ardakan plain in Yazd province. For the performance of this research, the daily meteorological elements of three (3) meteorological stations of Yazd, Ardakan and Meybod during the statistical period of 1997 up to 2009 were used and the information about the prevalence amount of this disease were collected during this time period from the contaminated areas and also health centres. The findings show that maximum disease incidence is happened in the second half of the year particularly in the autumn. There is a weak positive correlation with relative humidity, a strong inverse correlation with average temperature, minimum and maximum temperature and maximum wind speed and a week inverse correlation between the amount of day light hours and the incidence of the disease numbers, which is visible from the view point of the difference of townships located in Yazd- Ardakan plain, also a significant difference of Alpha 0.05 was approved about the incidence of this decease at these 3 townships.

Sahoolan cave, as one of the ecotourism and geotourism attractions of Mahabad, is an important tourism area of Iran. Therefore the study of its ecotourism value can be effective in predicting needs, eliminate of deficiencies and tourisms development in the area. The aim of this research is to estimate each tourism value for Sohoolan cave by the use of contingent valuation method. In order to study the effective factors on the peoples’ willing to pay, the Logit model with maximum likelihood method was estimated. The required date were collected by filling questionnaire and interview with 160 visitors of the said area. The results showed that 88.4 present of visitors are willing to pay for using the said cave. Also, variables including education, attraction of Sahoolan cave, income and the proposed price has significant effect on the probability of willing to pay of the people, But the variables of gender, age, size of family were not statistically significant but they had the expected signs. The average willingness of people to pay and the annual ecotourism value of Sahoolan cave has estimated about 4235 and 847,000,000 Rials respectively. Therefore, with respect to the great importance of Sohoolan Mahabad Cave from the view point of visitors, will require that planners and authorities to have more attention to this area for tourisms development and increasing the number of visitors and tourists and enhancing the welfare of visitors.