مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 24 (پاییز 1390)

Agriculture lands and the habitats established on the hill sides of Iran mountainousregions, due to instabilities are being damaged each year. The studies show thatdifferent items including vegetation cover and land use changes as the twoimportant factors play a great role in changing morphodynamic of hill sides. Inthis research the mountainous basin of Ahaar at the north part of Tehran has beenreviewed for this purpose as a case study. Development of human activities in therecent years with different aims in this basin has increased the risk of hillsides’movement. In order to study the morphodynamic process of hillsides, the photosof land sat 5&7 satellites (ETM+, TM) have been used and analyzed inGeomatica-Pca software as the main tools of research. Then the map of vegetationcover and land use of the area has been derived from the said photos. Thetechnique used for this research was time comparison of vegetation cover changesby the said photos and drawing the map of these changes. In order to control theobtained changes through indirect visit, a great deal of field works has beenperformed and the situations were controlled and compared with GPS unit. Theresults obtained from comparing the map of changes intensity incurred invegetation cover and land uses and its comparing with dispersion map of hillsidemovements indicates that the frequency of slope instabilities have a correlationwith the areas exposed to vegetation cover and land use changes. Constructionactivities particularly with the aim of residing and second houses around Tehran,also the increase of rural population has developed rapidly during the recent years.This development has caused the great use of hillsides or trenching, leveling anddisturbance of their balance in order to decrease the slope and consequentlyremoval of vegetation cover have been the main cause of instabilities during therecent years.

During recent decades, rising unemployment and consequently departure of youngand educated people from rural communities has endangered the texture andstructure of rural communities. In this respect, tourism is not only considered as apotential tool for changing this condition, but also as one of the inseparable factorsof rural development strategies, and as a powerful strategy with relative and pureadvantages can lead the economical affairs including job creation andemployment, investment and population toward villages and natural environments.Regarding this approach, the main important role of tourism in the areas like theabove case study, can be a movement toward regional balance and equilibrium.But in such process of economical and social movement, investment in the areaswith tourism advantages is important and can not been realized unless anappropriate selection is being made among the tourism areas in order to providethe conditions for development and progress of whole the area, and use ofprioritization techniques and models is required for achieving this goal. Thispaper, through indicating this question that which of understudy rural areas hasadvantage based on the priorities of tourism capacities, tries to find the requiredscientific answer by the use of analytical and descriptive method and TOPSISmodel. The findings show that among 30 surveyed villages, the villages with moreenvironmental attractions (including Sagezchy, Shiran, Windkalkhoran, Borjloo,Golestan, Gogerchin) have higher priority.

The main objective of this research is to study the process of deep soil temperaturein Yazd station. For this purpose, the daily temperature of soil in Yazd synopticstation was selected at depths of 5,10,20,30,50 and 100 cm from the earth surfaceat 03,09 and 15 GMT o’clock in a 5 years statistical period (2001- 2005). Theresults indicated that the most oscillation amplitude of daily temperature is at thelayer close to the earth surface (5 cm depth) at 6.30 o’clock in April whichcontinually decreases with depth increase, so that reaches to minimum at depth100cm in August. Also at depth of 5 and 10 cm, maximum temperature happenedin July, while at 10 cm depth with a time delay of one month happened at theending days of July.Also Minimum temperature at higher depths (5,10 and 20 cm) happened at thelate December and at lower depths gradually happened up to middle of January,which shows that maximum daily heat reaches to a specified depth later than theminimum ones.

Providing the situation for the enjoyment of different welfare and infrastructuralservices, social, cultural and health facilities is of the main planning indices ineach planning unit and particularly rural areas. The aim of this research is to studythe degree of development in rural areas of Sistan & Baluchestan province at thelevel of township and district in the two time periods of 1996 and 2006. On thisbasis, 35 developmental indices including population, infrastructure, economic,social-cultural and health were defined and analyzed by numerical taxonomymethod. The findings show that during the time period of 1996, most of theprovince villages have been located in semi developed and undeveloped areas, sothat, only 14% of the province villages have been located in developed areas and86% in semi developed of undeveloped areas. In addition a developmental gap isevident between inter township and inter districts. Development of rural areas ofthe province during year 2006, except in Zabol township and its surroundingareas, in other areas and districts shows that it is a growing trend, so that in thisyear, 54 villages have been located in developed class, 30% in semi developed and16% in deprived class. However, the detailed results show an imbalance in thisgrowth as, changing the location and development class of villages has beenmainly in central part of townships. In fact this imbalance particularly leads to thedifference of development situation of rural areas of central part of each townshipwith its other parts. This reflects the stability of regional imbalance and also thelack of equal distribution of facilities in the area.

Developing cities like their industrial counterparts are faced with distinguisheduncertainties. Most of cities are faced with the management of the great and highpopulation growth rate and now are not capable to continue and guide the currentsituation. Most of the cities of developing world have a weaker performance thantheir potential capacity. These cities have a weaker performance due to losingopportunities for their population and implementing non legal development fortheir area. Therefore for the uncertain and competitive economic environment, thedeveloping cities require discipline for effective use of their limited financial andhuman resources in achieving their goals. With respect to the rule ofenvironmental endogenous development, the main purpose of this paper is toevaluate the capabilities of Maraghe urban development for selecting the mostappropriate strategy for its future development.On the other hand, the aim of thispaper is to select an appropriate development strategy to promote the citycapability for optimum use of their environmental capability and capacity.Objective based research method is the functional research method and studymethod based on method and nature is analytical-descriptive research. Forcollecting information, the library, documentary, direct observation and interviewswere used. Based on the research results, the best strategy for Maraghe urbandevelopment would be the strategy for development of higher education anduniversities in the city and changing Maraghe in to a collegiate town, mean whilethe strategy for strengthening tourism performance of the city is considered as asubstitute strategy.

The process of social, economical and cultural changes during the last decades of Iran and diversity of geographical bed has formed an imbalance spatial system at rural settlements. Although hierarchical strengthen of settlements has a great importance for optimum organizing of rural areas, but in developmental programs, for the realization of this important issue, favorable and optimum results have not been achieved due to emphasize on service indices. The present paper, through the use of multilateral approach and in the form of analytical-descriptive and correlation method, intends to determine the development sustainability level and the effective factors on it in 49 rural settlements of Kamijan township. Gathering the data through questionnaires in a sample volume of 430 people and combination and incorporation of criteria and analyzing data by the use of weight indices and proper tests has been performed in spss soft ware. Based on “t student “test the stability level of all settlements is significantly less than what expected.Multi variable regression results showed that the social aspect with determinantfactor of 0.752 has had the most influence on sustainability level of the settlements. Based on the findings of factor analysis technique for stabilizing understudy settlements, the promotion of people partnership in social decision making, ease of access to health, education and economic services, strengthening the houses, organizing disposal of waste material, increase of production efficiency and the employment level are inevitable issues.

Monitor of change is generally performed for evaluating natural processesincluding long term effects of climate change which is caused by astronomicreasons and also short term processes which includes the succession of vegetationcover and geomorphologic processes. Also change monitoring is used forevaluating the effects resulting from human activities including deforestation,agriculture and urbanization. As the environment changes reflect the situation oflands management, monitoring methods can help to evaluate these operations. Inthis study, measuring images (MSS) of year 1976 and land sat (ETM+) year 2002have been analyzed by four techniques of change monitoring in Ilam dam basinwith an area of 476.751 km2. Techniques for monitoring changes used in thisstudy include the image difference, image rating, analysis difference of the maincomponent and analysis difference of standardized main component. Since thechange monitoring techniques used in this study require the threshold, and on thisbasis it is determined that the change threshold on the under study area has beenplaced with +deviation from mean, After specifying the change threshold, theareas with decreasing, increasing and without changes have been determined. Forevaluating the accuracy of change monitoring techniques, after surveying theground realities, which obtained though field visits and Google Earth Satelliteimages, the total accuracy and Kappa coefficient were used. Based on the obtainedresults, it was determined that the difference method of red band with totalaccuracy of 89 and Kappa coefficient of 0.82 has the greatest accuracy among theused change monitoring techniques in his study and rating method of the nearinfra red band with total accuracy of 64.5 and kappa coefficient of 0.34 has hadthe least accuracy in monitoring changes of vegetation cover in the area understudy.

The river morphometric has been reviewed by using topographic maps, digitalmodel and field data for determining the role of lithology and tectonic changingresistance on longitudinal profile of Mahabad river catchment area in south part ofUrmia Lake. For this purpose, the basin was divided in to 5 (five) parts. Streamswere ranked based on Astraler method. In order to determine the fractures, thelongitudinal profile of each class was adjusted with geology and tectonicformations from 1:100000 geology maps. The obtained results showed that inDaras and Agri limits, changing from one resistant lithology to a nonresistantlithology has caused a clear and distinguished fracture in longitudinal profile andthe breaks can only be seen in the formation borders which indicate the high effectof lithology on longitudinal profile. In Kootar and Bytas areas, the fractures can beseen inside the lithology and there in no fracture at the formation border. Based ongeo tectonic index, Kootar and Bytas limits has more tectonic activities incomparing with the other areas, so that it is understood that the relationshipbetween the afflux due to tectonic and the effect of bed rock on the longitudinalprofile is reversed. Therefore tectonic afflux reduces the effect of bed rock onlongitudinal profile.

Land sliding is one of the natural disasters which its occurrence depends on thefunction of other factors. This phenomenon like other earth disasters is notnaturally a disaster, but it is considered as the required processes for changes ofthe earth roughness, which the presence of human around this occurrence shows itas a disaster. Generally, in the study of land sliding, the factors such as landmaterial, precipitation, change of slope gradient, earthquake, volcano, oscillationof underground water and human activities are studied in the form of differentmodels. Although the above said factors have a great role in occurrence of suchphenomenon but the necessary and sufficient conditions for occurrence of suchphenomenon is the history back ground of the lands bed which has experiencedspecial forming processes. Comprehensive studies have been performed in Iranabout the distribution, dispersion and the cause of such occurrences. In this paper,happening of this phenomenon has been reviewed from a different aspect and it istried to reveal the relationship of forming mechanism and their effect onstimulation of such instabilities, so that it can be concluded that distribution of thisphenomenon is related on one part to climatic happenings and on the other part tohistorical forming processes. Based on one of the methods of climaticmorphologyzoning, Iran can be classified in to 4 different areas of cold, warm,humid and warm-humid areas which each of these areas have special geomorphicspecifications, and have direct and indirect effects on occurrence of land sliding.In order to study these effects, the dispersion map of main land sliding of thecountry from one part and morphology systems from another part were prepared bArc GIS 9.3 software and through location analysis of these two sets, theirproximity relation has been evaluated by location-statistical methods. The findingsof this research showed that 92% of land sliding has been occurred in cold andhumid pits and only 8% happened in warm pits. Furthermore, the land slidingdensity is more at thermodynamic border of warm-cold and humid-cold pits.

Informal settlement area of Bisim is one of the large informal settlement areas ofZanjan city, which is formed and expanded during the last two decades due touncontrolled and irregular immigration of rural people. This area from the viewpoint of physical specifications is faced with great problems and insufficiencies.Physical abnormal properties together with population and social characteristicsdominant on this area have caused this area to be a distinguished concentrationplace of crimes of Zanjan city.This study has been conducted to the aim of analyzing crime spatial patterns;review the factors affecting the incidence of crimes in Bisim area and to identifythe conditions facilitating the crime in this area. The present research methods isanalytical –comparative and for analyzing crime spatial pattern in Bisim area, twostatistical methods of clustering test (closest proximity index) and kernel densitymethod in GIS environment have been used. Statistical society of the presentresearch is all the crimes happened in one-year period in Bisim area.The findings show that the most important centre of crime in Zanjan city isconformed to informal settlement area of Bisim. High rate of residential usage,lack of some requirements of citizens including green spaces, educational, healthand civil facilities and lack of some necessary usages including cultural, sport,spending leisure time usages and also lack of disciplinary usages which has madedifficult the formal supervising on this part of the city, have been effective information of such crime spatial pattern in this informal settlement area.