مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 30 (بهار 1392)

The purpose of this study was to measure satisfaction and the role of citizen participation in municipal infrastructure projects in the three threefold Zones of Zahedan Municipality. The survey - is descriptive. In the spring of 2011 all citizens of Zahedan was the population of study. Using the formula of Cochran, 382 patients were selected as samples to complete the questionnaire. Sampling proportional to size in the three threefold Zones of Zahedan Municipality has been determined. The findings show that a total of 38.38 percent citizens of Zahedan are high and very high level of dissatisfaction with the performance of the municipality. The highest level of satisfaction with a score of 3.14 (5>1 with a median of 3) control in construction and building permit is issued and the lowest satisfaction score of 2.49 to audit the demands and needs of citizens. About participate more than two of three citizens, namely 65.18 percent are high and very high level of dissatisfaction for participate are already participation in municipal infrastructure projects that shows social capital is relatively high among the citizens Zahedan. The maximum participate in the creation of order and security in the neighborhood with the score is 3.76 and the lowest participation of citizens in the municipality and other organizations responsible for urban affairs with scores is 2.48. Using Path Analysis shows that the ratio of 97.8 percent of the dependent variable changes by analytical models of sets that the citizen participation component with a coefficient of 0. 596 is influential variable on satisfaction of participation in municipal infrastructure projects and Consent of social, economic and social base, social confidence, social awareness and age respectively are next in the ranking influence.

The effect of atmospheric phenomena on the earth and nature and consequently on the human life has reached to the extent that lack of management and knowledge in this sector will cause great expenses in this part. The study area with regard to its dominant topographic and climate condition is not excluded from this rule and each year (in watery seasons) the occurrence of heavy rains causes flood, landslide and erosion of fertilized soils. So estimation of precipitation distribution in the region can help the managers substantially to provide proper planning to prevent the damage. In this study, firstly by using geo statistical methods, while the average precipitation of the areas with no station was estimated, also their accuracy was calculated by using different statistical methods(MAE, MBE, and MSE Error). Based on the obtained results weighted inverse distance methods, linear, circular and exponential kriging threshold in the study area had respectively better interpolation results than the other methods. Therefore, with attention to the results, for modeling rainfall and estimating the mean rainfall in the regions with no station, weighted inverse distance method was used. Therefore the monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation of the study area were prepared. So the studies showed that Caspian Sea systems has the greatest effect on the study area in October, November and December months(autumn season) and causes heavy precipitations in the region.

Neighbourhood development in the form of a participation, democratic and people based process from several decades ago in developed countries has been emphasized as the axis of urban sustainable development and metropolis areas. Tehran metropolis is facing with frequent problems regarding the optimum management of spatial organization; and the present approach in its macro and centralized management has not been led to urban sustainable development due to lack of reliance on local solutions, participation of people, sustainable ecological local systems and therefore unsuccessful in preparing basic needs of people. Therefore, development of urban neighbourhood has been known as the starting point for development of urban sustainable management of Tehran metropolis. The final goal of sustainable neighbourhood development is people and provision of their first and necessary requirements with respect to their life environment. Thus, the present research through emphasizing on this aim, has sought to understand and test the new approach of neighbourhood development in modern urban management system, in one of urban neighbourhoods of Tehran metropolis. Therefore, this research has obtained some results in the framework of one thesis that basic change in planning structures of urban neighbourhood development with emphasis on neighbourhood system can lead to ecological socio-economical and cultural sustainability in Tehran’s neighbourhoods. Instability in the present conditions decreases greatly the index of local dependency among the people of Bahar neighbourhood. Decrease of this index causes the local people to feel no responsibility against the under progress programs and the future programs, in other words, the attempt for increasing and generalization of the life quality index in different parts of the district will be decreased, therefore the development methods dominant on Bahar neighbourhood has no compatibility with the realization conditions of sustained development in local surface and planning for making fundamental changes and moving toward local sustainability is essential.

Drought is the most complicated natural hazards. This phenomenon has different characteristics which are calculated by different indices, where as these indices are depondant on climatic variables and meteorological stations, therefore their ability for recording is not continuse. On this basis, for estimating the amount of meteorological variables in non-sampled locations and preparing continuse maps, spatial interpolation methods are used. In this paper, fristly by using Standard Precipitation Index(SPI),the drought severity is calculated, and then for assessment of different interpolation methods, different types of spatial interpolation methods including Kriging, Cokriging, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Local Polynomial, Completely Regularzide Spline, Spline with Tension and Thin Plate Spline were used. Also for comparing interpolation methods, the cross-validation technique and error criterions including MSE,MBA, RMSE and %G were used.The results indicate that Kriging Ordinery method is the best method for interpolation of drought severity and SPI index, because it has the least errors in most of months and in 9 months of the year, G% value is calculated as positive. In fact, this method has the least deviation. The most errors of interpolation methods is relevant to Thin Plate Spline method, indeed each of the three evaluation criteria shows greater value of error than the other methods.

In third world countries, the existence of some undesirable disparities such as regional disparity due to different causes makes problems in their development process. This disparity in rural areas is more sever than other regions. Therefore the first step for planning particularly in rural planning is the correct and proper understanding of the current situation of rural areas. This research, with respect to this subject and for planning urban development has been conducted in Yazd province. The research is of applied – developing type and the required information has been collected by documentary studies and by using factor analytical method, the situation of 51 rural areas in Yazd province have been studied based on the infrastructural, cultural, educational, economical and demographic indexes. The number of 39 variables which summarized in 5 factors and then the development level of rural area have been determined. Finally by using geographical information system, the required map for analyzing these levels in the studied villages has been prepared. Statistical society of this research based on the last political divisions of 2006 is rural districts in Yazd province. The findings of this research showed that there exist development disparities between rural areas in Yazd province, so that 80.4 percent of rural districts are classified in 8, 7, 6 and 9 groups. Only 19.6 percent of rural districts are classified in the first five groups. Among the rural districts in Yazd province, Shirkoh, Meyankoh and Fajr have the highest level of development and classified in group one, Dastgerdan, Faragheh, Mehrabad, Bahadoran, Esfandar and Chelgeh are at the lowest rank of development and are placed at group 9.

MeshkinChaie watershed basin with an area of 521.9 km2are including some parts of northern slope of Sabalan-Ghusha Dagh and located some parts of the structural subsidence valley of Meshkin-Ahar. According to dominating of semi cold-moist climate with average rainfall of 372.9mm annually, the slope’s almost high gradient slope, and sensitive formation to erosion, caused the study basin area to strongly prone to soil erosion. In addition to in spite to the mentioned natural factors, the effects of human activities (Impact) by changing the land use caused the erosion to be intense in the basin by different ways. The main purpose of this research is to study and recognizing the sediment situation of MeshkinChaie watershed basin in related to effective factors in producing sediment. In this direction, Arc GIS software, Indian satellite pictures (IRS), dates of hydrometric stations, climatology, topographic maps, geology, have been used to do the EPM model. The result of this Study is shows topographic; litology and land use those three important factors s in controlling and intensifying soil erosion. The amount of coefficient of erosion (Z) is number 2, these in formations were enhanced that: The average of total amount of sediment is 10123764 cube meter per year, discharge of special sediment is 19397.9 and special erosions 21553/3, that shows the very intense erosion in the study watershed.

It is apparent that the absolute attention on beauty of cities, construction of streets, widening of side walks and collection of waste home material and. .. can not be the only cause of full development of cities but also systematic attention to the urban elements and emphasizing on all these elements and creating coordination between them can reduce urban difficulties. One of these elements is collecting waste home materials. In Noorabad city, like any other cities, a large amount of municipal budget is consumed for the system of urban waste material management. Unfortunately, in spite of the huge expenses which annually is paid for collecting and throwing away the rubbishes, due to the lack of a determined program and plan, lack of facilities and equipment, improper location for burring waste materials and. .., an acceptable consequences which provides the sustainable urban development, has not been obtained. Based on this fact, the purpose of this project is presenting soultion for improving the statues of management on waste house material in Noorabad. The research in this survey is descriptive - analytic method which has used field (including questionnaire, interview and visit) and documentary methods for collecting the required data. statistical society of this research consisting all householders of Noorabad city which based on kokaran formul, 125 households were used as the volume. This study results show that the city management administrative weakness and lack of budget sufficiency, lack of equipments, great number of rural immigrants are the main difficulties for effective management in the field of collecting waste house materials in Noorabad city.However, high motivation of people’s participation, possibility of investment, motivation and interest of private sector, proper condition of the city for construction compost plant and people’s interest for waste material separation on origin, are known as the elements which can be considered as strong points in sustainable development of Noorabad city.

Climatic changes and increase of air temperature is considered as one of the important environmental issues of the world wide. Climatic changes in certain regions can be detected by studying the mean air temperature. the researches made in the world mainly indicate the gradual increase of mean air temperature. In this study, to identify the temporal changes in temperature (minimum, maximum, mean), the observations (1956-2005) of 10 meteorological stations distributed in arid and semi-arid regions were applied. In this study, linear regression method and with respect to non-linear nature of climatic elements, non parametric Mann-Kendall method was used, which shows approximately similar results. The results of the two statistical periods showed that in maximum temperature about 70% of the stations and in the mean and minimum temperature about 90% of the stations showed an annual meaningful and positive trend. Most of changes, among the five study decades, with the amount of 49% has been occurred at the third and fourth decades.. The increasing trend of temperature is more visible for monthly minimum nocturnal temperatures. Exceptionally, Birjand exhibited decreasing (negative) trend for few months.

At Present, analytical methods are commonly used in feasibility Studies of economic sector developments. The current study aimed to analyze and measure the capabilities of southern khorasan province for sustainable development by using SWOT model including four concepts of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The research method based on objective is of applied type and based on nature and method is of analytical-descriptive and surveying type.To identify, weighting and ranking the agricultural elements of the study area, the attitudes of farmers and 150 experts of agriculture part from different organizations and with different specialties as farming, gardening, watershed management, pedology, irrigation and agricultural economy were taken into account and the weaknesses and strengths of local agriculture in achieving sustainable development were identified. The results showed that the local agriculture has the potential required for development. Then, the promising implementation of the organizing plans of independent farmers is the main opportunity factor with the weighted score 0.1864, Incongruency of water shedding funds, is the main threat with the weighted score 0.2208, The high potential of producing crops, such as barberry, saffron, jujube and olives is the main strength with the weighted score 0.1944, and lack of proper and coherent statistics and data resources is the main external and internal factors of the agriculture sector of southern Khorasan province with the weighted score o.1716. more over, all provided strategies provided in this regard are classified in 26 items among which the improvement of the productivity of local water resources and the introduction of an standard cultivation pattern based on the matrix QSPM has the highest priority with the high weighted score 15.6598. The standard consumption of water resources, planning for preventing and diminishing drought effects, reducing desertification rates and providing beneficial mechanisms with the respect to mechanical and scientific measure have the second up to fifth priorities with the weighted score 15.4242, 15.1402, 15.0706, and 15.0638, respectively. Moreover, The improvement of profitable crops as saffron and barberry with the weighted score 14.3886 can bring about a stable agricultural condition in Southern Khorasan and especially its rural areas in international view.

Hails have an important role in creating sudden floods and makes great damages the agriculture art of Iran and Fars province. In order to mitigate the resulting damages, it is necessary to understand the synoptic conditions of such destructive phenomenon. Daily heavy hail data of 14 synoptic stations in this province were used during a four-year statistical period (2006-2009) to study dynamic and synoptic conditions of hail flow in Fars province. Then three samples of heavy hails in this region were identified and selected during the statistical period. Then using NCEP/NCAR centers data, we plotted sea-level synoptic maps, 500 and 850 hecto-pascal levels, moisture, omega and rotation in GrADS software at each selected period and also plotted hail distribution in a peak day during three periods using GIS software. The data of Shiraz upper atmospheric data were used for measuring the instability indices of Shulter (Si) and Viting (Ki,) and eventually, by using the said maps and data, the synoptic conditions and hail patterns at each selected period were determined.. The results show that during each three selected period, falling hail in this province in March is due to the formation and strength of cutoff low-pressure systems (cold pool) at 500 hecto pascal levels and creation of low-pressure and instable systems at sea level. The study of atmospheric patterns showed that this phenomenon is due to strengthening and expanding low-pressure systems located at eastern red sea and Saudi Arabia. These low-pressure systems obtain moisture through passing over southern waters of our country and lead to instability and hail in south west, central and the study areas. In addition, falling cold air through middle atmospheric layers by cold pit phenomenon, provides conditions to expand such southern low-pressure systems and formation of instable flows and its movement towards Iran and this region. Therefore, cold weather flow from middle levels along with great temperature variations in lower and middle atmospheric layers can cause instability and great ascent of air, formation of cumulonimbus and heavy hail in selected periods in Fars province.

Kerned fault with 45 km length and over thrust feature is one of the most important morphological structures of the North West part of folded Zagros around Sare- Pole- Zahab Occurrence a number of 20th centaury earthquakes along this fault indicates that this fault is active now.The most important work of Kerend fault is the displacement of calcareous-dolomite layers of Zagros around Rijab syncline area from north east toward south west, inclination of Rijab syncline structure toward south west and occurrence of diffraction at the south west wing of Rijab syncline from its middle. Diffraction has occurred within tension-bending process and consequently the fragments due to breakage have been moved rotary. The result of this event was formation of a series of longitudinal and transversal faults which cut calcareous-dolomite layers of Rijab in different directions. Results of this investigation which is plotted by the two comparative- analytic and field research method, means by comparing and interpreting of topographic maps with hydrographic and linear, and surveying the geology profiles, interpretation of aerial photos and also local observations showed that evolution of Rijab syncline in this fault system not only has caused it to be raised as a natural castle, but also has created the situation of forming almost it’s all visual features including torrents, falls, gorge and deep valleys. Rijab syncline for having such landscapes has changed in to an important centre of tourism in Kermanshah province.