مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1395)

Resistive Economy is introduced as a concept of facing with disturbances, surprises and changes. The specifications of this pattern including strengheninig the national economy against the threats, emphsize on propulsion powers and parts, making opportunity, productive, endogenous and extrovert, global thinking and local acting.This research by descriptive and analytical approach and by using spatial bivariate regression at the first step, has investigated about the organization of poor people and its relationship with urban old texture in Tehran. Then has explained and measured the resistive economy by local approach which has led to the identification of components and indices of resistive economy in Nematabad district at the southern part of Tehran. In this direction, questionnaire and deep interview at the local area and the data and information of the responsible foundations and bodies were used for analyzing at Tehran metropolitan. The results show that organizing the urban poverty in Tehran from 1996 up to 2011 shows their centralization in old textures of the city. In the other word, there is a significant relation between the settlement of poor people with the old textures in Tehran which indicates the necessity of adopting resistive economy policies in the old textures. The under study area which also includes the old texture of Tehran city, through using the components including productivity, endogenous, job creation and collective cooperations of resistive economy and during the recent years by development of furniture and office supplies industry has somewhat been able to strenght his residents in the form of social based activities in confronting with the poverty and outside threats. Assessment of local economy indices in the study area shows that collective cooperation for benefiting from the state and municipality bodies has had the most importance among the citizens. On the other hand, establishment of non-governmental foundations and institutes, fear for lack of financial resources and elongation of renovation projects have the least importance among the local economy indices for Nematabad people . therefore, it is recommended that the policy and decision makers in the filed of urban management, inaddition to facilitate the improvement, help for bedding the development of local economy in the form of social based activities.

Nowadays, there is not a comprehensive methodology for contamination risk assessment and modeling of surface water resources. Existing methods just investigate some of the criteria and there is not a GIS-based methodology that can provide the overall risk status in an area by modeling. Consequently, the only existing way is WRASTIC Index which offers a free location overall assessment of the risk status by grading to seven parameters of human and animal wastewater, doing entertainment and recreational, agricultural, industrial activities, size of the area, road and transportation and vegetation density. This research describes the surface water resources contamination risk in new method. In this study, the major part of Tehran province, as well as part of Semnan, Qom, Mazandaran and Alborz provinces by help of a method which is placed in the Multi-criteria evaluation framework (MCE), some criteria are evaluated by WRASTIC method and finally is developed by Fuzzy-WRASTIC method. The process of this method are based on producing different layers maps by weighting the criteria and sub-criteria and using the WLC weights. Then, final maps were produced by their fuzzy combination. In the next step, first these sub-layers were combined together by the provided method in WRASTIC model. And then, modeling of pollution risk status was done by fuzzy overlay method and applying the OR¡ AND ¡ SUM ¡ PRODUCT and GAMMA operators. The results show that use of the OR operator due to a balanced range of values from low to very high in the whole region is the most appropriate operator of risk assessment and analysis for the production of maps. On this basis 31.14 and 27.38 percent of the study area (that is a major part of Tehran and Semnan province) due to the concentration of population and different activities are faced with the high and very high risk for their surface water resources .

Today, the communitie's security has linked with the military, livelihood, environmental, social and cultural aspects and sustainable security cannot be achieved without providing valid and income-generating employment. The societies that look at sustainable security and economic sustainability as a strategic mission, they follow the identifying , strengthening and developing the potential of human, organizational, spatial and location capacities to realize sustainable employment. CSP implementation in rural areas is one of the international mechanisms for the realization of sustainable economy and environment with partnership, spatial planning and regional approach which is implementing in recent years in rural areas of Kerman in southern Iran, including Jazmurian. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of CSP Jazmurianin about employment and presenting a desirable model for the success of such programs. The research methodology is descriptive – analytical one and the data were gathered through library and field methods and by observation and questionnaires . The sample society is 8 villages under the implementation of the CSP and 60 people of development heads are the member of CSP.The method for data analysis is the use of Anova test and Tone example in SPSS environment . The results of the research showed that in most of the villages, the rate of successful employment was less than 50 percent. Results of Anova test showed that there is a significant difference between the quad policies in the field of employment and the T test results showed that the success of education policy-based jobs are higher than the other ones. Based on the research findings, the education based policy and
then space-based have been more effective in creating jobs in comparing with organization based and experience based policies. Presenting an optimal pattern requires that the strength points to be focused and its weak points to be removed. The optimal model of employment and the rural economy in addition to observe the process, integrity, and partnership should be based on the reality of the human being and infrastructure and local circumstances, standards, spatial location and pattern of the residents of each village.

In recent years, in order to revive the Urmia lake and preventing the negative environmental impacts, the water transfer project from Zab River to Urmia Lake has being studied and implemented. In this paper, it is tried to assess the possibility of morphological changes of Zab River due to implement of project at the downstream of Kanisev dam. The research method is mainly analytical method.The data of this study include Geological map of 1/100000 scale, areal photographs, LANDSAT 8 (ETM sensor) satellite imagery, GDEM images of ASTER with resolution of 15 meter, meteorological data and hydrological surface water of the under study area. The data were collected using libraries and referred to agencies and organizations, web sites and field surveys.Results showed that after water impoundment of Kanisev dam and transferring water to Urmia Lake, the average of the Zab River discharge in the hydrometric station of Grzhal will decrease from 1464.72 to 653.42 million cubic meters per year and the bed river at downstream will decrease drastically. So that in September and October. Zab bed river from dam wall to the Abkhorah tributary will be dried approximately. The decline of flow will cause changes of the morphological indexes such as cross-section and longitudinal-section and hydrological features similar to depth and velocity of flow. With reduction of discharge at the downstream of Kanisev dam, at A section, the flow of river will pass of the deepest bed river in which new terraces, narrowing cross-section, remove the side vegetation or retreat to far from will occur. At B section, the power of flow will focus toward the side of the river and also cut-off them, finally lead to fill the pothole using deposition. At the last section, C, with increasing distance from Kanisev dam and enhance sediment load rather than transport capacity, both depth and width of the bed river due to creation the point bars along flow and sedimentation at the sides will decrease.

The subject of garden city from the beginning of its emergence up to now has been faced with a great deal of agree and disagree ideas. The purpose of this study was to analyze the consequences of the garden cities and solutions to improve this project in Zanjan. Grounded theory methodology was used in this study. Information in this study were collected by using semi-structured interviews with a sample of 32 members of academic staff in University of Zanjan and experts of Agricultural Jihad Organization of Zanjan. Content analysis of interviews showed, 101 phrases in connection with the development of garden cities were extracted.
List of these phrases regard to concept affinity and hierarchy coding in grounded theory grouped in 23 concepts and three categories as follows: positive consequences, negative consequences, and strategies for improvement that each one shows an aspect of development of the city garden's subject. The results showed that positive consequences of garden cities’ development often affect on the owners of Garden cities, while the negative consequences of the project will cover the entire of the community. Based on the results, strategies to improve garden city projects in Zanjan were classified in seven categories including: Focus on the water crisis in the licensing and using method, implying accurate management to prevent the illegal establishment and development, scientific supervision before permission to create a garden city, Citizens demand reduction for garden cities, promotion of production based along with recreation, using capabilities of agricultural graduates and integration of tourism and training in management of garden cities.

Assessment of hydrodynamic and hydro geochemical characteristics of springs in karstic landforms of Zagros can be appropriate guide for determination of karst development. The aim of this study is to compare the karst development by hydrodynamic and hydro geochemical characteristics of karstic springs in Folded and High thrusted Zagros belt. In this research, recession coefficient of karstic spring hydrographs,the most important oxides existed in calcareous formations, hydrological data of springs were analyzed. First, study area landforms were identified using satellite imagery and topographic and geological maps. After assessing the karst geomorphology and geology of the study area, the hydrograph recession coefficients of 4 springs in Folded zagros belt and 7 springs in High thrusted Zagros were calculated. Results show the close relation of litho logy/fractures with hydrological behavior of groundwater system in Zagros Folded belt and the lack of meaningful relations between litho logy/fractures and hydrological behavior of groundwater system in High thrusted Zagros. Based on hydrodynamic and recession coefficient of springs, the enlargement degree of karst in Parav Biston block was determined 5-6. The enlargement degree of karst in Qalajeh karstic aquifer was determined 2.5 to 3. The springs flow in Parav Biston block has linear and turbulent sub regimes while Qalajeh springs have only invariable regime. Evaluation of limestone and chemical analysis of spring's waters of the study area reveal higher purity of Biston limestone compared to Asmari limestone, hence implying that there are conduit and diffuse flow in Biston and there is diffuse flow in Qalajeh.

Water Crisis is one of the most important environmental issues of Iran in the recent years which has been taken in to consideration by the state and different social groups. The farmers have realized the water crisis more than others, and therefore, for solving the problem of water, they have used alternatives waters such as wastewater. However, the use of wastewater has limitations in terms of product and the land.This article, by using grounded theory Method seeks to clarify the interpretation, meaning and behavior of farmers in the use of wastewater. The statistical society of the current research is all the farmers engaged in the agricultural lands of Varamin plain, which through theoretical sampling and available sample method, the theoretical saturation was obtained through interview with 38 people. The results of interpreting the farmer approach toward the state policy making about the waste water, shows the distrust toward the state policies and its impact on the incorrect function of the farmers in using waste water. In addition, the results of this study show that the personality universality and individuality manner in an atmosphere of insecurity, conflict between the agency in the selection of irrigation methods and lack of accountability are the results of this phenomenon. Core category that include general categories, is “community rupture from the national policies".

In this study , for analyzing the spatiotemporal changes of the trend for continuity cooling waves of the North West of Iran, the minimum temperature data from year 1981 for 42 synoptic and Climatology stations, which have had maximum statistical length have been used. The extracted data, by using programming facilities in Surfer environment was interpolated and a matrix of size 5082 × 11323 ( cell* day) for a 31-years statistical period was obtained, which was used as a data base in the next stages. For the calculations, the programming facilities in Matlab software and for graphical operations, Surfer software have been used. The results obtained from the study showed that cooling waves, while having high spatial changes, has had sharp daily drops. While the under study areas at the east and north east regions has had the most spatial changes.
However, in the continuation of six and seven days, the spatial variation of coefficient variation is reduced. The results of the trend analysis indicate that the cold waves have experienced many changes during different periods, so that in the first period (1989-1980) and the third (2010-2000), the cooling waves in most studied area has experienced a decreasing trend( especially in the south and south east parts) , While in the second period (1999-1990) the cold waves of the north and north west has had a noticeable increase. So that , this increase is more sensible in the east and the south east part of the study area. In total, it can be said that while the cooling wave trend has been decreased, to ward the recent periods, has had a low covering, so that in two days continuation, this feature is more visible.

Green spaces and parks are one of the recreational and welfare services which in addition to having hygienic and mental aspects, have a great importance in urban sustainable development and are considered as one of the indices of the societie's development .In this study which is performed based on descriptive-analytical method, the distribution status of local and regional park of Jiroft city has been studied and analyzed and while describing the current situation, its desirable condition by locating new parks at regional and local scale has been presented. For the considered analysis and locating new parks, GIS software and current analysis have been used with respect to the capability of Geographical Information System and by presenting an appropriate pattern are seeking optimum establishment and distribution of park in the city. For this purpose, with respect to the type of park , firstly the criteria effective on their locating were recognized and then converted the criteria in to readable informative layers for the software and the required distance has been created for each layer. Then, for creating pattern, with respect to the effect of each layer and their paired comparing by Super Decision software , the weight of each layer was calculated. Finally by using the results obtained from incorporation of informative layers, the lands of Jiroft city for selecting the appropriate locations for each park, was divided in to 5 groups from very good up to very poor. Jiroft city is a type of city which has not an appropriate distribution of green space and the per capita for regional and local parks is 1.30 and 0.53 m2 for each person .

The recent studies in most of the countries show the impact of a large number of factors including: satisfaction, knowledge, condition, individual particulars, population specifications and behavioral variables in the people's participation. The important issue is that whether such variables are effective on the amount of people's participation in Iran? The objective of this study is to review the effective relationship factors on the farmer's knowledge in applying the Watershed Management Program(WMP) operations in Kooshkabad catchment area located in Khorasan Razavi Province in Iran (85 km2). The main objective of this study is to evaluate the factors which are effective on the people's participation in Iran. The total population of the under study catchment area is 1250 people (n=1250), in which 200 persons were selected by classified random sampling method (n=200). In fact, this research is designed to study the relationship between the awareness about Watershed Management Program (WMP) and level of participation in WMP in Iran. To this end, a provisional research was performed and its data were gathered through the interview with the residents of 6 villages at the downstream part of Karde dam catchment area. The knowledge and participation scale in watershed management operations is 0.90 and 0.92 respectively, which about half of farmers have the knowledge about watershed management operations and the participation level was at an intermediate level and there is a positive and significant relationship between the farmer's knowledge about watershed management program. Although, based on the findings, the level of social participation of people is more than the economical and environmental participation, in addition the findings show that the knowledge level of respondents about such operations has been low up to medium level and participation in it has a positive and meaningful relationship with the knowledge of such operations. ( r= 0.611, P=0.000) .

One of the most important urban spaces that citizens, in addition to leisure time will use for supplying the life requirements, social interaction and so on are the urban sidewalks. Choosing the side walk routes need to indices that in addition to increasing access and safety for citizens could also provide them social security. In this regard, the present study has evaluated the mausoleum of Sheikh Safi up to Ardabil Jomeeh mosque in order to achieve the sidewalk area. The main aim of this study is to recognize the effective indices on the side walks from the view of citizens in order to study the relevance of the under study area for creating the side walk axis. The present study is of descriptive-analytical one and from the objective point of view has functional aspect. Ardebil citizens form the study population of the research and by Cocran Formula, 383 people chosen as sample and questionnaire randomly distributed between them. For analysis, single-sample t-test (Klvmvgrvf- Smirnov test to check for normal distribution), t-test independent, one way variance and multivariate regression were used. The findings suggest that, if side walk is constructed in this area, this side walk will be in an inappropriate conditions in terms of social security. Also the age and education level of those questioned was effective in their perception about quality of sidewalk. And regarding the effective criteria on the quality of sidewalk, the multiple regressions showed that about 85.1 percent of the side walk's quality variance define the ninth criteria of the research. So that urban services with 68.8 percent was placed at the first rank and the economic impact by 0.032 percent placed at the last rank of the ninth criteria of the research.

The appearance of new thoughts in urbanism and their entry in to the urban management has caused the cities to acquire different experiences. Decline of life and vitality in urban areas can be considered as one of the consequences of following modernism approach, which always advocate the quantity oriented and the quality issues. has been neglected.
This study aims to measure Spectrography and dimensions of vitality in different neighborhoods and textures of Marvdasht city .The study method was analytical – surveying one and on the basis of documental resources and questionnaire. Electre model was used for data analysis. The research process involves assessing (through 44 measures in six main dimensions), evaluation and selecting the top neighborhood (selected among five different textures of the city). Based on the research findings, texture No.4 and its neighborhoods had the most vitality and texture No.3 and its neighborhoods had the lowest vitality from the view of the residents. In continue, with respect to the dispersion manner of effective factors on vitality including distribution of attractive usages, location of public areas, situation of the neighborhood centers, usage of the city lands, . . . the vitality spectrography is made in textures of Marvdasht city and its neighborhoods. The result of spectrography has been reviewed as vitality maps in the main axes, vitality in the main centers, vitality in bottlenecks, vitality at the outer edge and surrounding areas. As the result of spectrography test of vitality, texture No.4 and its neighborhoods for having more vitality covers all the spectrography alternatives comparing with texture No.3 and its neighborhoods with having the least rate of vitality which cover none of spectrography alternatives. Finally, with respect to the vitality dimension and the resulting Spectrography, the guidelines for creation, promotion and improvement of the vitality situation of the neighborhoods has been presented.