فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 36 (تابستان 1396)

The aim of this research was describe and analyzing the process of evolution in sport of all during 1978 to 2014 emphasising on first to fifth development program. The method of research administration is attributive and libraries. Required information is collected from documents and attributive that exsist in the archive of press and the main sport centers of country. Instramentation of data collecting is self-made check lists in components linked with sport of all that their formal validity of them comfrimed by 15 persons of experts with orientation of sport management and its final factor reported through Alfa Kronbakh test 0/83. The findings of research showed that there was more attention to neighborhood sport and create structure in sport of all during 1978 to 1988. Meainwhile, during 1989 to 1999 (within first and second development program), development of staff sport and conference holding was considered. In third, fourth and fifth development program rural sports development, role of media in sport and vision and strategy in sport of all was featured in horizon of 2025. The overall accomplished programs and proceeding provide background of promotion and development of sport of all. Neverthless accomplished orientations and programs and proceeding was impermanent.

An efficient structure is the most important factor for reaching goals in all systems including sport. Since, the purpose of this research is comparative study of sport structure in Iran and European countries. This descriptive-comparative study was carried out in 2016. In order to compare the of sports structure in Iran and European countries (Germany, Estonia, Great Britain, Turkey, Denmark, Poland, Norway and the Netherlands), various aspects were investigated. data for recognizing sport structure of European countries were collected by searching through book, magazine and internet, data for recognizing sport structure of Iran were collected by searching law of objecvtive, duties of sport organization and compared using Bereday’s four-stage model: description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison. Regarding the structural dimension, despite many similarities in principles, the applied methods and mechanism are different. Low size of structure, avoiding bureaucracy, elimination of parallel and common duties of organizations, symmetrical distribution of authorities and powers among organization units, clear definition of communications among units, identify clear job descriptions for all institutions, National division of work and Coordination between institutions and establishing integrity are the most important principles that must be regarded.

The pahlavani and zurkhane,ei sport is the unique and systematic traditional Iranian sport which remain from thousands years ago. It is evident that to progress and development of this sport firstly should be have accurate scientific planning, and thereafter obtaining accurate statistic information of current situation to make strategic development planning of pahlvani and zurkhane,ei sport. The aim of present study is to investigation current situation of this sport in term of statistic information by 1395(2017) in Iran. A descriptive questionnaire was designed and used to obtain number of Zurkhanies, Morsheds, Referees and coaches of all 31 Iranian provinces. The Iranian national Federation of Pahlavani and Zurkhane,ei cooperated during the data collection process of present study. The findings of present study demonstrated that there are 30991 Zurkhane athletes, 798 Zurkhane, 1379 Morshed, referees 59 and 191 coaches across the country by1395. Furthermore, analysis indicated that 60%of all Zurkhanies, 42%of all referees,51%of all Morsheds and 46% of all coaches in Iran are belong to five provinces of country. Based on results of present study it is concluded that the current situation of this sport is too poor with regard of facilities and people who engaged in this sport. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that compilation and enforcement of a strategic and comprehensive planning to develop and progress of this sport across the Iran is too necessary. To reach and achievement of mentioned aim, supporting of the Iranian national Federation of Pahlavani and Zurkhane,ei and ministry of sport and youth are emphasized.

The study is to prioritize factors affecting the development of sport for all and sports championship in Iran. The methodology was descriptive and done based on applied research. The population includes: all managers in the Ministry of Sports and Youth (staff managers and operations managers), managers and professionals Sport for all Federation and Secretary of the Federation sports. The sample was statistically equal to the society. The 141 questionnaires distributed among the population, but 117 questionnaires were analyzed. Measuring in this study was done by 2 questionnaires (questionnaire sport for all and athletics) that cross were distributed among the population. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, some professors and experts were answered and reliability test using Cronbach's was reported 91/0. Finally, to analysis the results of descriptive and inferential statistics, Friedman test and Kruskal-Wallis were used. Based on these findings, public health, media, natural spaces, low cost, the development of public sports bodies, the Internet, graduates of physical education, religious teachings and emphasis on the free exercise were, respectively, the most important factors affecting the development of the sport for all. Also, studying the factors affecting the development sport championship showed 9 indicators that affect on these sectors: facilities and equipment, competitions and sporting events, scientific research and the media, talent, financial support, matters related to the coach and sports structure.

Now a days, sport is designated as an industry and correct interaction between sports and economy will be beneficial for both sides. Financial support on sports "Sponsorship" is one of the ways that lead to an advantageous transaction which has strongly been in the center of attention among the professional world of sports and business managers in the last decades. In this competitive market, business companies prefer using sports sponsorships as an international language. The current research evaluates the impact of sports marketing on attracting badminton spectators, along financial supporters. In this survey, statistical population consists of citizens whose participation in various national contests, clubs and etc. has been registered as spectators in Federation statistics in the second half of 2015 and uses Cochran formula to assess samples. The procedure used in analyzing and compensating data were sometimes the comprehension and deductive tests or as a general or accident tory statistical method were used to have results and in some cases it was clustered and mass-scale surveying the results from this procedures shows that for enhancing the number of spectators paying attention to their tastes and desires has high value. One affecting factor is "oral advertisements and purchase intention" in addition to these attracting spectators is another impacting factor on having a good financial supporter.

The overall aim of this study is to determine the relationship between political behavior and organizational health with the job involvement of the personnel of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all personnel of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, numbering 650 people, and the number of statistical samples was 240 according to the Morgan table. They were randomly selected. To collect data, four personal information questionnaires (gender, age, marital status, level of education and background), Kacmar and Carlsen (1994), Organizational Political Behavior Perceptions Scale, Hui and Feldman (1996), and Organizational Health Questionnaire (1996), as well as For job attachment, Coungno questionnaire (1982) were used. Two descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov Smirnov, Pearson correlation, regression, and multivariate regression) were used. All analyzes were performed using SPSS software version 22. Results showed that the organizational health has a direct and significant relationship with strong intensity with job involvement (r=0/716). The results showed that the political behavior has a reverse and significant relationship with the average intensity with occupational attachment (r=-0/342), as well as other results said that organizational health components with job involvement from the Ministry of Sports and Youth personnel predict political behavior.

The purpose of this paper is to study leisure patterns among young people in Isfahan with special reference to on gender difference. Considering the fact that the world of values, beliefs, and lifestyles can vary among men and women, the authors try to provide answer to the question whether in regard to shaping the pattern of leisure, gender, as a variable, is decisive as it was in the past, or has lost its effects anymore. The method utilized in the study was a mixed one. On the basis of survey method and employment of questionnaire as a tool, leisure patterns were identified among 1748 boys and girls living in Isfahan aging 20-29 years selected through stratified random sampling. Furthermore, in the qualitative section, 27 semi-structured interviews, based on purposive sampling, were conducted on which data analysis and providing qualitative interpretation was accomplished through data coding. On the basis of quantitative results of the study, six leisure patterns can be put into order according to their level of significance among girls studied. The found patterns of leisure are as following: Religious leisure, extra home leisure, domestic leisure, unusual leisure and participatory leisure. On the other hand, boys were identified with six leisure patterns including traditional-Iranian leisure, religious leisure, cultural-artistic leisure, participatory and movies oriented leisure and leisure time spending with friends as well. The results of the qualitative section suggest some of the nuances among leisure patterns identified among boys and girls; that is, boys are of more active, diverse, and courageous patterns of leisure time in comparison to those of girls’ which are contrastively more conservative and passive.
Leisure patterns among young people, in spite of owning some similarities, are still supposed to be influenced by gender, choice and consumption.

In the modern Iran, with the rapid ideological and value changes we are confronting a new generation of girls in Iran’s multicultural society with latest lifestyles, choices, values and goals in comparison with their mothers. The authors of the research have tried to examine the ideals and believes between two different generations of Iran’s recent society: the generation of women with university education and their mothers’ generation without university degree. The variety of paths for the girls in their minds or in their lives’ experiences will be shown in the generation gaps is the main result of this research. In the process of semi structured deep interviews with the meaningful samples of girls with higher educational backgrounds in different fields and their mothers the results showed evidence in concrete differences in role definition, self-identity, work motives, matrimony standards, marriage roles expectations, between two generations of women in Tehran.

Happiness is one of the important concepts that has been developed in psychology and has been considered as an element of social development in sociology in recent years. Moreover, in our opinion, it is one of the critical issues in education system, too. This study is to investigate the social factors affecting the happiness of young in Tehran city. The sample consisted of 380 young in Tehran, which were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling using Cochran formula. Hypotheses have been examined by Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that the hope for the future, a sense of security, a sense of social acceptance, social trust, distributive justice, social activities, life satisfaction, purposefulness and happiness have significant positive relationship together. On the other hand, there was a significant negative relationship between relative deprivation, social alienation and happiness. On the other hand, these variables explained 69 percent of the variance of happiness and social acceptability with 0.84 co-efficient had the greatest impact on the dependent variable of happiness.

Music is one of the most versatile arts among youth. This research is to study the youth music consumption. It is a survey using researcher-made questionnaire. The population consists of 15 to 29 years old young people living in 22 districts of Tehran, out of which 400 were selected by multi-stage clustered method.
The findings about interest in music showed that 86% of the subjects are highly interested in music, 13% low interest and only 1% are not interested in music;
%23/8 less than 1 hours, %36 Between 1 to 2 hours, %22/8 Between 3 to 4 hours, %7 Between 5 to 6 hours, %3/8 Between 7 to 8 hours, %4 9 hours and more Their spent their time Listening Music and %2/8 States Do not listen to music that represents the position of the top music at active recreation Youth Indicating the high level of interest in music among the youth. Most interested in pop music Second generation then the music is rap.
The results of this research also showed positive relationships between economic and social status, individual cultural capital and age with music consumption but there was no relation between gender and music consumption.

Reducing the sense of loneliness as a psychological ineffectiveness and promoting psychological safety as one of the basic human needs serve as crucial points for improving mental health for adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching spiritual skills on loneliness and mental health of first-year female students at secondary level. In terms of its purpose and nature of the study, the applied research adopted a semi-experimental approach with a pre-test/post-test/ follow-up design with control group. The statistical population of this research comprised all the first-year female students in Sari, Mazandaran, summing up to 3285 based on the education office statistics. The sample size was 44 selected according to the available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 22 subjects. Before the beginning of the training, the two groups had a pre-test on Achroumill Vernshaw (1984) questionnaire of loneliness, and Maslow's psychological knowledge (2004), and then the subjects in experimental group attended ten training sessions (one hour per week) on spiritual skills, based on a special book of trainers, titled "Spiritual Skills Training" by Dr. Boolhari et.al. After the training, the post-test was taken at the end of the study, and after one month, the follow-up test was taken from both groups. To analyze the data, one factor analysis of covariance was used. The results showed a significant difference between the scores of the two groups in the post-test and follow-up test. Also, the effectiveness of teaching spiritual skills on mental health was more than that of loneliness. The more a person feels closer to God, believing that God loves his servants and bless them with compassion and mercy and helps them in difficulty, the more peaceful the person would be and negative emotions like loneliness will be reduced. The subjects learned the spiritual skills that God is the basis of safety, therefore, they would have a feeling of strength, and show a high self-esteem at the time of anxiety and fear based on the fact that they rely on God who has no defect. And with their own power, they are capable of doing everything and compensate the weaknesses of those who relied on them. Such person, from the point of view of psychological security, have a high self-esteem, security, and lack of concern for the future). Therefore, it is suggested that using psychological skills training such as self-awareness, trust, remembrance, forgiveness and problem solving increases the psychological variables and reduce negative emotions in students.

Nowadays, virtual networks has been effective is generally and Telegram is specifically On all spheres of social life In particular identity. One of the most important type of identity is reflexive identity. Accordingly, the present study aims to The effect of Join the network "telegram social messenger" on the growth of youth reflexive identity. for achieve this goal study on students at east Tehran Azad University that have the focus at 1395 that all students are 11749 people, So using a Cochran formula have selected 374 people, and 384 samples for further credit replies to evaluate hypotheses based on random incidental sampling, and then the questionnaire was distributed and analyzed based on spss and lisrel. The results indicate that 94.3% of the research samples are in virtual networks, 88.8% of the research samples are in telegram, 86.2% in telegram groups and 67.7% in telegram channels.The findings also show that the coefficient of influence of the use of the virtual telegram network with a value of 0.27, the number of members in the telegram with an effect coefficient of 0.21, the use of channels Telegram with a coefficient of influence of 0.14,and the participation of the telegram network with a coefficient of influence of 0.23 at a confidence level of 0.99 on reflexive identity. the use of telegram stickers with a coefficient of influence of 0.16 at a confidence level of 0.95 .results indicate that it is necessary to rethink the identity of having to communicate with other people in these networks, when placed in virtual communication Or participate in these networks.