فصلنامه ابن سینا
سال نوزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 60، پاییز 1396)

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Also, the risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in these patients is more than other people. Aerobic exercise is effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer. This study was performed to investigate the effects of swimming exercise before and after of cancer on levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in female mice of myocardium.
In this study, 56 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two active and passive groups. The active group swam in the water pool before breast cancer for four weeks, three days per week and 30 minutes daily. Passive group did no exercise before cancer cell inoculation. Then, both groups were separately divided into four subgroups: a) continue to exercise, b) rest, c) doxorubicin, and d) exercise/doxorubicin. Finally, Bax and Bcl-2 levels (as apoptotic markers) in myocardial tissue were measured.
The Results showed that level of Bcl-2 and Bax in myocardial tissue respectively increased and decreased significantly in the group that had aerobic swimming exercise before and after breast cancer in comparison to the group that did not exercise, .
Aerobic swimming exercises before and after the breast cancer is effective on the level of Bax and Bcl-2 in myocardial tissue in mice with breast cancer. Therefore, regular swimming aerobic exercise may increase myocardial cell survival in breast cancer patients.

Angiogenic process is vital to cure the injured parts of the heart. This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of exercise intervention on the expression of inducing and inhibiting factors involved in the angiogenic and antiangiogenic properties following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.
In this study, 28 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly used in four groups: 1) sham; 2) ischemia; 3) exercise; and 4) exercise-ischemia. Myocardial Infarction (MI) was induced by descending coronary artery ligation for 30 minutes. Treadmill exercise program was performed for eight weeks, three days per week, and 40 minutes per day. The mice were anesthetized and the cardiac tissue was isolated 48 hours after the last training session and injections. Gene expression of VEGF, TSP-1, AKt, and Apelin was measured for heart tissue cells.
The results showed that there is a significant difference between the four groups in the gene expression levels of VEGF, TSP-1, AKt, and Apelin (p=0.001). Bonferroni post-hoc test showed that the gene expression levels of VEGF, AKt, and Apelin increased significantly in the exercise-ischemia group compared to sham, ischemia, and exercise groups (p0.05). On the other hand, the results showed a significant decrease in gene expression level of TSP-1 in exercise-ischemia, ischemia, and exercise groups compared to the sham group (p Exercise following myocardial ischemia intervention tends to remove the negative factors and increase the positive factors of angiogenesis to make the tissue achieving the angiogenic balance.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has an important role in vascular development for growth and differentiation of organs during prenatal and postnatal periods. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance swimming of rats during pregnancy and breastfeeding periods on cardiac VEGF levels of rat pups against the exposures to cadmium during fetal and newborn period.
Pregnant Wistar rats (n=32) were divided into control, cadmium, exercise, and cadmium-exercise groups. Training protocol includes five sessions per week (three weeks during both pregnancy and infancy periods). Swimming began with 30 minutes in first session. By adding five minutes per next sessions, the time of swimming sessions increased to 60 minutes within the second week of training. The rats received 400 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride in drinking water. Sampling of pups’ heart tissue was done 22 days after the birth. VEGF levels of heart tissue were determined using ELISA method. Statistical analysis of data was conducted by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, one-way analysis of variance, and LSD method. A p The findings showed significant decrease in heart VEGF levels of cadmium and cadmium-exercise groups and also significant increase in heart VEGF levels of exercise group compared with the control group (p The results indicated that endurance swimming training has a beneficial effect on the protective and supportive mechanisms of immune system. However, exposure to high levels of cadmium exerts some pathological effects on VEGF. So, it prevents from the beneficial effects of endurance training on the health of the fetus and newborn.

Apelin is a novel adipokine that is closely related with insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of endurance training on Apelin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and insulin resistance index in middle-aged sedentary men.
In this quasi-experimental study, 30 men aged between 48 to 60 years with body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2, were randomly allocated to the endurance training (n=15), and control groups (n=15). The training program consisted of 12 weeks of endurance training (treadmill running) with 50-75% maximum heart rate. Before and 48 hours after the 12 weeks exercise, measurement of Apelin, CRP and insulin resistance index were performed. Paired t-test and Independent t-test were used for statistical analysis using SPSS software.
Results revealed that after 12 weeks endurance training, significant reductions were observed in the levels of CRP (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.001), fat percent (p=0.001), Apelin levels (p=0.027) and insulin resistance index (p=0.002) of experimental group compared to control group.
Generally, it seems that significant reductions in Apelin and CRP levels as a result of reduced body fat mass following 12 weeks of endurance training have been effective in reducing insulin resistance.

Reduction of antioxidant enzymes can be related to the increased possibility of cardiovascular problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 16 weeks of aerobic training on paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, Arylesterase (ARE) and lipid profile in postmenopausal women.
In this semi-experimental study, 20 postmenopausal women aged 45 to 51 were randomly divided into control and aerobic training groups. Aerobic training program was performed with intensity of 65-70% of target heart rate for 45 minutes, three days a week for 16 weeks. Before and after 16 weeks of aerobic training, blood samples were collected after 12 to 14 hours of fasting. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test to determine within- group and between-group differences at α The results showed that 16 weeks of aerobic training led to significant increase in levels of PON1 (p=0.032) and HDL (p=0.001) activity and significant decrease in cholesterol (p=0.032) and VLDL (p=0.020). ARE levels after 16 weeks of aerobic training increased, but this increase was not significant (p=0.081). Also, 16-week aerobic training had no significant effect on LDL, and TG levels (p>0.05).
According to the results of this study, it seems likely that regular and prolonged physical activities improves the antioxidant system of postmenopausal women via increasing PON1 and ARE activities. Also, it is likely that the effect of physical activity on PON1 activity be a result of increase in the density in HDL-c.

Cardiac rehabilitation improves functional capacity of patients with heart failure. Therefore, we are going to investigate the effects of eight weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) on BNP serum level in patients with heart failure.
Twenty four cardiovascular patients with 40-50% ejection fraction were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. Exercise protocol was performed for eight weeks, three days per week. Each session consisted of 12 × 1.5 minutes bouts of pedaling on bicycle ergometer and 8 × 1.5 minutes of running on treadmill. Between high intensity repetitions, 45 to 60 seconds of active rest with 40-60% of VO2peak were performed. Intensity of training started with 50-60% VO2peak in the first week and increased 10% each week. Finally, the intensity was conducted in 80-90% of VO2peak during the 4th to 8th weeks. Blood samples were collected before and 48 hours after the last training session in the same situation from both groups. BNP level was evaluated by human ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by paired and independent samples t-tests.
The result showed that, in comparison of control group, BNP level was significantly decreased in HIIT group. But BNP level was significantly increased in control group, in comparison of pre- and post-test (p HIIT can improve heart failure in patients with cardiovascular disease via decreasing the BNP levels.

Type-2 diabetes is a chronic and common disorder that is associated with increased levels of blood sugar, resistance to insulin, and corrupted function of insulin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of six weeks moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with and without consumption of pomegranate extract on plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level in menopausal women with type-2 diabetes.
In this semi-experimental study, 33 postmenopausal diabetic women aged between 45 to 60 years and volunteered to participate in the study were randomly divided into four groups including control, control-pomegranate extract, exercise, and pomegranate extract-exercise. Experimental groups performed six weeks aerobic exercise training program, three times a week for at least 45 minutes per session. Before and after the training period in the fasting state (12h) blood samples were collected from the brachial vein in a sitting position. Measurement of plasma MDA as a marker of lipid peroxidation was done using the spectrophotometric method.
Maximum decrease in plasma MDA level was seen in pomegranate extract-exercise group (p According to the results of this study, it seems that regular aerobic training with pomegranate extract consumption can reduce the lipid peroxidation level and oxidative stress in women with type 2 diabetes compared to other groups.